{"id":46490,"date":"2023-11-14T20:03:04","date_gmt":"2023-11-14T12:03:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=46490"},"modified":"2023-11-14T20:03:04","modified_gmt":"2023-11-14T12:03:04","slug":"%e4%b8%87%e7%89%a9%e7%9a%84%e8%a7%84%e6%a8%a1-%e3%80%8a%e8%a7%84%e6%a8%a1%e6%b3%95%e5%88%99%e3%80%8b%e7%9a%84%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e4%b9%8b%e6%97%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=46490","title":{"rendered":"\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u2014\u2014\u300a\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u300b\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u4e4b\u65c5"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5f80\u5f80\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u7279\u6027\u7b49<\/span>\u3002\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e8b\u7269\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0e\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8682\u8681\u65e0\u6cd5\u548c\u5927\u8c61\u6bd4\u8f83\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u7ea7\uff1b\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ddf\u4e2a\u4f53\u6237\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u91cf\u7ea7\uff1b\u5938\u514b\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5916\u63a8\u5f97\u5230\u5206\u5b50\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8fbe\u897f\u00b7\u6c64\u666e\u68ee<\/span>\uff08D\u2019Arcy Thompson\uff09<\/span>\u8457\u7684\u300a\u751f\u957f\u548c\u5f62\u6001\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5927\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u90fd\u9003\u4e0d\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u624b\u3002<\/strong>\u4e07\u4e8b\u4e07\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\u3002\u4eba\u548c\u6811\u3001\u9e1f\u548c\u9c7c\u3001\u661f\u661f\u548c\u661f\u7cfb\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5176\u7edd\u5bf9\u91cf\u503c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e5f\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u5398\u7c73\u3001\u7c73\u548c\u5343\u7c73\u8fd9\u6837\u72ed\u5c0f\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8bed\u6c47\u6765\u5ea6\u91cf\u7684\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u5149\u5e74\u3001\u79d2\u3001\u57c3\u3001\u539f\u5b50\u6216\u4e9a\u539f\u5b50\u5355\u4f4d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u5219\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7269\u548c\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u89c4\u6a21\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5374\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c55\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u7f8e\u56fd\u6240\u6709\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u5ea6\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6309\u7167\u89c4\u6a21\u4ece\u5927\u5230\u5c0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u6392\u540d\u753b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u5bf9\u6570\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\uff08<\/span>\u6a2a\u7eb5\u5750\u6807\u8f74\u4e0a\u7b49\u95f4\u9694\u6392\u5217\u7684\u523b\u5ea6\u662f\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u56fe2.2\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe2.2 \u7f8e\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5f8b\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u6570\u636e\u4ecemathematica\u8f6f\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u514d\u8d39\u5728\u7ebf\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u83b7\u5f97<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u62df\u5408\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5176\u659c\u7387\u662f\u22120.83\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u5176\u4e2dP\u4e3a\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\uff0cr\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4eba\u53e3\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6392\u540d\u3002\u5f0f(2.1)\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u76841.8\uff0820.83<\/sup>\uff09\u500d\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u76842.6\uff0830.83<\/sup>\uff09\u500d\u2026\u2026\u800c\u6392\u540d\u7b2c100\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u662f\u6392\u540d\u7b2c200\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u76841.8\u500d\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6392\u540d\u9760\u524d\u7684\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u5dee\u5f02\u975e\u5e38\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u6392\u540d\u9760\u540e\u7684\u5c0f\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u5dee\u5f02\u5374\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u5e03\u6781\u5176\u4e0d\u5747\u5300\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u89c4\u6a21\u5dee\u5f02\u4e0d\u5927\u7684\u5c0f\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c11\u6570\u89c4\u6a21\u5dee\u5f02\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u548c\u6392\u540d\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u5f8b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong>\uff08Zipf\u2019s law\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e0d\u5747\u5300\u6027\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u5355\u8bcd\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u3001\u5730\u9707\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7b49\u4e5f\u90fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0b\u8574\u85cf\u7740\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u548c\u666e\u9002\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4ece\u89c4\u6a21\u5165\u624b\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u5404\u7c7b\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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2. \u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe2.3\u3000\u6444\u50cf\u673a-\u7535\u89c6\u673a\u7684\u89c6\u9891\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b64\u65f6\u7535\u89c6\u673a\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u6761\u873f\u8712\u7684\u957f\u957f\u7684\u201c\u8d70\u5eca\u201d\uff0c\u8d70\u5eca\u5c3d\u5934\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u767d\u8272\u4eae\u70b9\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u865a\u62df\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u7a77\u8fdc\u70b9\u201d\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u8fd8\u5728\u540e\u9762\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u6162\u6162\u8c03\u8282\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u4e0a\u7684\u65cb\u94ae\uff0c\u5bf9\u51c6\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5c0f\u4eae\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u653e\u5927\u5b83\u2026\u2026\u5f53\u653e\u5927\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u82b1\u7eb9\u4f1a\u4ece\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201c\u98de\u51fa\u6765\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u56fe2.4\u6240\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u81ea\u52a8\u89c4\u6a21\u653e\u5927\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u653e\u5927\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5c31\u662f\u65e0\u7a77\u201c\u8d70\u5eca\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u201c\u65e0\u7a77\u8fdc\u70b9\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u65e0\u7a77\u8fdc\u70b9\u201d\u653e\u5927\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u201c\u55b7\u53d1\u201d\u51fa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u50cf\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u50cf\u661f\u7cfb\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u6b6a\u659c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u65cb\u8f6c\uff0c\u8f6c\u52a8\u65cb\u94ae\u653e\u5927\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u5954\u6d8c\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5c31\u8d8a\u5feb\u3002\u5f53\u6362\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u6216\u7535\u89c6\u673a\u91cd\u590d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u8bbe\u5907\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8d8a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u8d8a\u80fd\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u52a8\u753b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6a21\u62df\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u6bd4\u6570\u5b57\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u6f02\u4eae\u800c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u52a8\u753b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe2.4 \u6444\u50cf\u673a-\u7535\u89c6\u673a\u7684\u89c6\u9891\u53cd\u9988\u753b\u9762\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u201c\u6444\u50cf\u673a-\u5c4f\u5e55\u81ea\u6307\u5b9e\u9a8c\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u89c6\u9891\u89c1B\u7ad9\u201c\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u81ea\u6307\u5b9e\u9a8c\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c6\u9891\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u4f5c\u7528\u5230\u5c4f\u5e55\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u6444\u50cf\u673a-\u7535\u89c6\u673a\u7684\u89c6\u9891\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u566a\u58f0\u4fe1\u53f7\u4f1a\u88ab\u653e\u5927<\/span>\uff08\u5c31\u50cf\u8bdd\u7b52\u5bf9\u51c6\u97f3\u7bb1\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5578\u53eb\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u52a8\u753b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u539f\u7406\u5c55\u5f00\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u7528\u5b83\u5f62\u8c61\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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3. \u7f29\u653e\u5bf9\u79f0\u4e0e\u5206\u5f62<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u51e0\u4f55\u53d8\u6362\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u79fb\u53d8\u6362\u548c\u65cb\u8f6c\u53d8\u6362\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5728\u51e0\u4f55\u53d8\u6362\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u5173\u6ce8\u67d0\u79cd\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u3002\u4ee5\u7a7a\u95f4\u5e73\u79fb\u53d8\u6362\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u5728\u5e73\u79fb\u53d8\u6362\u4e0b\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u7a7a\u95f4\u5e73\u79fb\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u76f4\u7ebf\u3002\u5706\u8fd8\u5177\u6709\u65cb\u8f6c\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u8bba\u4ece\u54ea\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5706\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e0e\u6b64\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u53d8\u6362\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7f29\u653e\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0b\u89c2\u5bdf\u8d77\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027<\/strong>\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u7f29\u653e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u5177\u5907\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6027\u5462\uff1f\u76f4\u7ebf\u5f88\u663e\u7136\u662f\u7f29\u653e\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u8bba\u5c06\u5176\u653e\u5927\u591a\u5c11\u500d\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u65e0\u7a77\u957f\u7684\u76f4\u7ebf\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u7a77\u5ef6\u5c55\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u4e5f\u662f\u7f29\u653e\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u5927\u7c7b\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u5177\u5907\u8fd9\u79cd\u7f29\u653e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5206\u5f62<\/strong><\/span>\uff08fractal\uff09<\/span>[2]\u3002\u5206\u5f62\u4e00\u8bcd\u6700\u65e9\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u66fc\u5fb7\u5c14\u5e03\u7f57<\/span>\uff08B. B. Mandelbrot\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5f62\u72b6\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u5177\u6709\u7f29\u653e\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u79f0\u4e3a\u81ea\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u8d28\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u3002\u5982\u56fe2.5\u6240\u793a\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u96ea\u82b1\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u7f29\u653e\u53d8\u6362\u4e0b\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\uff1a\u5c06\u5b83\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7ebf\u6bb5\u653e\u5927\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u6574\u4f53\u66f2\u7ebf\u81ea\u76f8\u4f3c[3]\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4eba\u9020\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e91\u6735\u3001\u83dc\u82b1\u3001\u6811\u6728\u3002\u5206\u5f62\u51e0\u4f55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u5c31\u662f\u7f29\u653e\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
\u56fe2.5\u3000\u5206\u5f62\u96ea\u82b1<\/span><\/section>\n

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4. \u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u65e2\u7136\u5c3a\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u540c\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u6765\u770b\u770b\u5f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u5bdf\u7cfb\u7edf\u5176\u4ed6\u53d8\u91cf\u5982\u4f55\u968f\u7740\u89c4\u6a21\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u6269\u59272\u500d<\/span>\uff08\u628a\u6bcf\u6761\u8fb9\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u90fd\u6269\u59272\u500d\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5176\u5468\u957f\u4e5f\u6269\u5927\u4e862\u500d\uff0c\u800c\u9762\u79ef\u6269\u5927\u4e864\u500d\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u5730\uff0c\u8bbe\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u6269\u5927\u4e86x\u500d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5468\u957f\u6269\u5927x\u500d\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u6269\u5927x2<\/sup>\u500d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u4e0b\u4e0d\u540c\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u79f0\u4e3a\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u6cd5\u5219<\/strong><\/span>\uff08scaling law\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u5468\u957f\u4f1a\u4e0e\u8fb9\u957f\u540c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7f29\u653e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e3a\u201c\u540c\u901f\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u201d<\/span>\uff08isometric scaling law\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5f53\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u53d8\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u663e\u7136\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8fb9\u957f\u589e\u957f\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u5e73\u65b9\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u589e\u957f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e3a\u201c\u5f02\u901f\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u201d<\/span>\uff08allometric scaling law\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e00\u822c\u5730\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u53d8\u91cfY\u968f\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u6a21M\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5e42\u5f8b\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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  (2.2)<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u79f0Y\u6ee1\u8db3\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u5f0f(2.2)\u4e2d\uff0cb\u4e3a\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u5e42\u6307\u6570\uff0ca\u4e3a\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7cfb\u6570\u3002\u5f0f(2.2)\u4e2d\u7b49\u53f7\u53f3\u8fb9\u5199\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e8e\u201d\uff08\u221d\uff09\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u7cfb\u6570a\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5173\u5fc3\u5e42\u6307\u6570b\uff0c\u5f0f(2.2)\u6b63\u662f\u5ffd\u7565a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5c06\u5f0f(2.2)\u7684\u4e24\u8fb9\u53d6\u4ee5e\u4e3a\u5e95\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
lnY = lna + blnM (2.3)<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5982\u679c\u5c06lnY\u548clnM\u770b\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f0f(2.3)\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u6027\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u628a\u66f2\u7ebf\u753b\u5728lnY\u4e0elnM\u7684\u5750\u6807\u7cfb<\/span>\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u53cc\u5bf9\u6570\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2db\u662f\u8fd9\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u7684\u659c\u7387\uff0clna\u662f\u622a\u8ddd\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u753b\u5728\u53cc\u5bf9\u6570\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u7ebf\u6027\u56de\u5f52\u62df\u5408\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba1\u7b97\u51faa\u3001b\u7684\u6570\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. \u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u4e3e\u4f8b<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u89c2\u5bdf\u5f0f(2.2)\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e42\u5f8b\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u65b9\u7a0b\u6bd4\u6bd4\u7686\u662f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u5e93\u4ed1\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3001\u9762\u79ef\u516c\u5f0f\u3001\u4f53\u79ef\u516c\u5f0f\u7b49\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u6210\u5e42\u5f8b\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u8981\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u5462\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u5bdf\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u91cf\u5982\u4f55\u968f\u7740\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u63e1\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8ddf\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u7275\u626f\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u70ed\u70b9\u65b0\u95fb\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8fd8\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
5.1 \u6bd4\u8428<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5047\u8bbe\u67d0\u5929\u4f60\u8d70\u8fdb\u6bd4\u8428\u5e97\uff0c\u70b9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u5f84\u4e3a9\u82f1\u5bf8[4]\u7684\u6bd4\u8428\u5e76<\/span>\u4ed8\u6b3e\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u7684\u7b49\u5f85\uff0c\u5e97\u5458\u7a81\u7136\u8d70\u8fc7\u6765\u8ddf\u4f60\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u62b1\u6b49\uff0c9\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u6bd4\u8428\u5df2\u7ecf\u5356\u5b8c\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u7ed9\u60a8\u6362\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a5\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u5427\uff1f\u201d\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4f60\u8be5\u4e0d\u8be5\u63a5\u53d7\u5e97\u5458\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u770b\u4f3c\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a5\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u6bd4\u8428\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a10\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u6bd4\u8428\uff0c\u6bd4\u4e00\u4e2a9\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u8fd8\u5927\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5360\u70b9\u513f\u5c0f\u4fbf\u5b9c\u3002\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bae\u5bf9\u4f60\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5212\u7b97\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f4\u5f84\u4e3a5\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u6bd4\u8428\u7684\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u8981\u5c0f\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u5f84\u4e3a9\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u6bd4\u8428\uff01\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u5462\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

  (2.4)<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\u5176\u4e2dD\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8428\u7684\u76f4\u5f84\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u539f\u6765\u76841\/2\u65f6\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u51cf\u5c11\u4e3a\u539f\u6765\u76841\/4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f1\/2\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a5\u82f1\u5bf8\u6bd4\u8428\u7684\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a9\u82f1\u5bf8\u6bd4\u8428\u76842\/3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u63a5\u53d7\u5e97\u5458\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5c31\u5403\u4e86\u4e8f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u72af\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u8111\u975e\u5e38\u64c5\u957f\u7ebf\u6027\u5916\u63a8\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u542c\u5230\u5e97\u5458\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a5\u82f1\u5bf8\u6bd4\u8428\u7684\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u7b49\u4e8e10\u82f1\u5bf8\u6bd4\u8428\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u5f0f(2.4)\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u601d\u8003\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f8b\u5b50\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c2\u5f97\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u95f9\u51fa\u5f88\u591a\u7b11\u8bdd\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u6ca1\u90a3\u4e48\u597d\u7b11\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
5.2 \u4ece\u670d\u836f\u5242\u91cf\u5230\u5047\u75ab\u82d7\u4e8b\u4ef6<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u5bb6\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b9d\u5b9d\uff0c\u5927\u5b9d8\u5c81\u91cd25\u5343\u514b\uff0c\u4e8c\u5b9d\u4e24\u5c81\u91cd12.5\u5343\u514b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5927\u5b9d\u611f\u5192\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u6b21\u559d\u4e24\u5305\u611f\u5192\u51b2\u5242\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e8c\u5b9d\u611f\u5192\u9700\u8981\u559d\u591a\u5c11\u5462\uff1f\u4e00\u5305\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b54\u6848\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5305\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u5305\u591a\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u559d\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u5462\uff1f\u6839\u636e\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u5373\u5c06\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u4ee3\u8c22\u7387\u548c\u4f53\u91cd\u5448\u5e42\u6307\u6570b=3\/4\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4f53\u91cd\u51cf\u5c11\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u4ee3\u8c22\u7387\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d8\u4e3a\u539f\u6765\u768460%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u836f\u7269\u7684\u6d88\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ee3\u8c22\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5242\u91cf\u5e94\u8be5\u51cf\u5c0f\u4e3a\u539f\u6765\u768460%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u53c8\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u5374\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u72af\u7ebf\u6027\u5916\u63a8\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u76f8\u5173\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c2018\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u95f9\u5f97\u6cb8\u6cb8\u626c\u626c\u7684\u957f\u6625\u957f\u751f\u5047\u75ab\u82d7\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u64cd\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4ece\u201c\u5c0f\u7f50\u53d1\u9175\u201d\u5230\u201c\u5927\u7f50\u53d1\u9175\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u6a21\u653e\u5927\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6548\u5e94\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5236\u836f\u548c\u53d1\u9175\u884c\u4e1a<\/span>\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5236\u836f\u884c\u4e1a\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u4ece\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7814\u7a76\u5230\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u7ecf\u5386\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u5c0f\u8bd5\u3001\u4e2d\u8bd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b63\u5f0f\u751f\u4ea7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u653e\u5927\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u7a81\u7834\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6280\u672f\u74f6\u9888\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0e\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u540c\u7b49\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u7b49\u6bd4\u4f8b\u589e\u5927\u7528\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u5404\u9879\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ea7\u7387\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u957f\u751f\u5236\u836f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5ba1\u6279\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u66f4\u6362\u66f4\u5927\u4f53\u79ef\u7684\u53d1\u9175\u7f50\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4ea7\u7387\u4e0b\u964d\u3001\u6bd2\u7d20\u6c34\u5e73\u5347\u9ad8\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c1962\u5e74\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8981\u5728\u5927\u8c61\u8eab\u4e0a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e00\u79cd\u81f4\u5e7b\u5242LSD\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u628a\u5728\u732b\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5242\u91cf\u7b49\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5730\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u5927\u8c61\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u917f\u6210\u4e86\u60b2\u5267\u3002LSD\u5728\u732b\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5242\u91cf\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u662f0.5\u6beb\u514b\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e9a\u6d32\u8c61\u56fe\u4ec0\u79d1\u91cd\u8fbe3\u5428\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u91cf\u5927\u6982\u662f\u732b\u7684600\u500d\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u51fa\u7528\u91cf\u4e3a300\u6beb\u514b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6ce8\u5c04\u91cf\u662f297\u6beb\u514b\u3002\u6ce8\u5c045\u5206\u949f\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u56fe\u4ec0\u79d1\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u58f0\u5c16\u53eb\uff0c\u5e76\u8f70\u7136\u5012\u4e0b\u3001\u5931\u63a7\u6392\u4fbf\u3001\u8fdb\u5165\u766b\u75eb\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a1\u5c0f\u65f640\u5206\u949f\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u56fe\u4ec0\u79d1\u4e0d\u5e78\u8eab\u4ea1\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u6740\u5bb3\u4e86\u8fd9\u5934\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u5927\u8c61\uff01<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
5.3 \u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u5176\u5b9e\u66f4\u5371\u9669<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

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\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u5411\u5f80\u7559\u5728\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u5ffd\u7565\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u6bd4\u5c0f\u57ce\u9547\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u906d\u9047\u72af\u7f6a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4f1a\u66f4\u5927\uff01\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/span>\uff08Santa Fe Institute\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u8d1d\u5f53\u53e4<\/span>\uff08Luis Bettencourt\uff09<\/span>\u5229\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u6570\u636e\u548c\u4eba\u53e3\u6570\u636e\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u8d85\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

  (2.5)<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\u5176\u4e2dY\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u72af\u7f6a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u603b\u6570\u91cf\uff0cX\u4e3a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u8d85\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u6307\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6307\u6570b\u663e\u8457\u5927\u4e8e1\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u57ce\u5e02\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8d8a\u591a\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5f0f(2.5)\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230<\/sub>\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u57ce\u5e02\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u906d\u9047\u72af\u7f6a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u4eae\u4e3d\u5149\u9c9c\u7684\u6469\u5929\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
5.4 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8df3\u86a4\u53ef\u4ee5\u8df3\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e48\u9ad8<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u8df3\u8dc3\u9ad8\u5ea6\u572850\u5398\u7c73\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u8df3\u86a4\u7684\u4f53\u957f\u57280.5\u6beb\u7c73\u52303\u6beb\u7c73\uff0c\u5374\u53ef\u4ee5\u8df3\u8dc335\u5398\u7c73\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u8db3\u8db3\u662f\u5176\u4f53\u957f\u7684100\u500d\u5230700\u500d\uff0c\u8fd9\u600e\u4e48\u53ef\u80fd\u5462\uff1f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e9\u572816\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5c31\u6839\u636e\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u8df3\u8dc3\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5176\u4f53\u957f\u65e0\u5173\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8df3\u86a4\u80fd\u8df3\u8dc3\u81ea\u5df1\u4f53\u957f\u6570\u767e\u500d\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e00\u70b9\u513f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7a00\u5947\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u8df3\u8dc3\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u5305\u62ec\u817f\u90e8\u5f39\u8df3\u529b\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u4f53\u91cd\u5927\u5c0f\u3002\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f39\u8df3\u529b\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u662f\u5927\u817f\u652f\u6491\u7684\u5e94\u529b\uff0c\u8be5\u529b\u6b63\u6bd4\u4e8e\u817f\u90e8\u6a2a\u622a\u9762\u79ef\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9762\u79ef\u5219\u6b63\u6bd4\u4e8e\u4f53\u957f\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\uff0c\u800c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\u663e\u7136\u6b63\u6bd4\u4e8e\u4f53\u957f\u7684\u7acb\u65b9\u3002\u5f53\u8eab\u4f53\u53d8\u5c0f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u817f\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u4f53\u91cd\u867d\u7136\u90fd\u5728\u51cf\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u540e\u8005\u51cf\u5c0f\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u8df3\u86a4\u7684\u5f39\u8df3\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4f53\u957f\u7684\u6bd4\u503c\u5c31\u8981\u6bd4\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u5f88\u591a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5f39\u8df3\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u91cd\u529b\u505a\u529f\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u80fd\u91cf\u53ea\u80fd\u7531\u52a8\u7269\u81ea\u8eab\u808c\u8089\u6536\u7f29\u8212\u5f20\u505a\u529f\u5f97\u5230\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u52a8\u7269\u5f39\u8df3\u529b\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3af\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u8dc3\u8d77\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u817f\u90e8\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e3al\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5f39\u529b\u505a\u529f\u4e0efl\u5448\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u800c\u4f53\u91cd\u4e3am\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u5b8c\u6210\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e3ah\u7684\u8df3\u8dc3\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u91cd\u529b\u505a\u529f\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4e3amgh\uff0cg\u4e3a\u91cd\u529b\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u80fd\u91cf\u5e94\u8be5\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u5373fl = mgh\uff0c\u4e8e\u662fh = fl\/(mg)\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n

\u5982\u679c\u52a8\u7269\u4f53\u957f\u4e3aL\uff0c\u5219\u4f53\u91cdm\u221d<\/span>L3<\/sup><\/span>\uff0c\u5e94\u529bf\u221d<\/span>L2<\/sup><\/span>\uff0c\u505a\u529f\u957f\u5ea6\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0e\u4f53\u957f\u5448\u6b63\u6bd4\uff0c\u5373l\u221d<\/span>L\uff0c<\/span>\u4e8e\u662f\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

h\u221d<\/span>L0  <\/sup><\/span>(2.6)<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u521a\u597d\u4e3a0\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u8df3\u8dc3\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5b83\u7684\u4f53\u957f\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8df3\u86a4\u8df3\u8dc3\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53ef\u8fbe35\u5398\u7c73\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u8df3\u8dc3\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u5dee\u592a\u591a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8df3\u8dc3\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6bd4\u4e0a\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4f53\u957f\uff0c\u5219\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u8d1f\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

h\/L\u221dL<\/span>-1 <\/sup><\/span> (2.7)<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u5b83\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u4f53\u957f\u7684\u8df3\u8dc3\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u8d8a\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
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\n
6. \u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u7b80\u53f2<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u8df3\u86a4\u8df3\u9ad8\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u5a01\u529b\u3002\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790<\/span>\uff08scaling analysis\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u53d8\u6362\u4e0b\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u636e\u6b64\u505a\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u719f\u6089\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7279\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u5e76\u5217\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u7a76\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u51e0\u4e4e\u8ddf\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e00\u6837\u60a0\u4e45[5]<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u523016\uff5e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u3002\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u662f\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9f3b\u7956\u3002\u4ed6\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u5229\u7528\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u6765\u5206\u6790\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u7279\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u968f\u7740\u4f53\u578b\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u56db\u80a2\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u77ed\u7c97\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u9aa8\u67b6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u66f4\u52a0\u58ee\u5b9e\u3001\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u751a\u81f3\u9884\u8a00\u4e86\u6811\u6728\u7684\u6700\u5927\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e3a90\u7c73\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6749\u6811\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5230\u4e8618\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u533b\u751f\u52d2\u8428<\/span>\uff08Leasage\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u4e00\u672c\u672a\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u6606\u866b\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0f\u578b\u9646\u751f\u52a8\u7269\u957f\u6709\u539a\u800c\u786c\u7684\u76ae\u80a4\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5bf9\u6c34\u5206\u3001\u517b\u6599\u7684\u6d88\u8017\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8868\u9762\u79ef\u548c\u4f53\u91cd\u4e4b\u6bd4\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u53d8\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f53\u91cd\u6bd4\u8868\u9762\u79ef\u589e\u957f\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8d8a\u5c0f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u79ef\u548c\u4f53\u91cd\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6c34\u5206\u8d8a\u5bb9\u6613\u6563\u5931\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8fdb\u5316\u51fa\u539a\u539a\u7684\u8868\u76ae\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd0\u7528\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fd0\u52a8\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u4ee3\u8c22\u7387\u3001\u8df3\u8dc3\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3001\u884c\u8d70\u7684\u6446\u52a8\u5e45\u5ea6\u7b49\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4f53\u79ef\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5f02\u901f\u5f8b\uff0c\u5373\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u90a3\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u5c06\u8fd9\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u529b\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6865\u6881\u3001\u5bab\u6bbf\u7b49\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u9700\u8981\u7528\u7c97\u5927\u7684\u67f1\u5b50\u52a0\u4ee5\u652f\u6491\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1822\u5e74\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5085\u91cc\u53f6<\/span>\uff08Joseph Fourier\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u8fd9\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u70bc\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u91cf\u7eb2\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/span>\uff08dimensional analysis\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u725b\u987f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8bF = ma\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u6240\u9009\u53d6\u7684\u91cf\u7eb2\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7528\u7c73\u3001\u5206\u3001\u5343\u514b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u91cf\u7eb2\u548c\u7528\u5398\u7c73\u3001\u79d2\u3001\u514b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u91cf\u7eb2\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5f97\u5230\u540c\u6837\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u725b\u987f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u91cf\u7eb2\u5206\u6790\u8574\u542b\u7740\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9009\u53d6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u91cf\u7eb2\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e\u5728\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u4e0a\u4e58\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7cfb\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8be5\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u53d8\u6362<\/strong>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u725b\u987f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u8d28\u91cfm\u7684\u91cf\u7eb2\u7531\u5343\u514b\u6362\u6210\u514b\uff0c\u5219\u76f8\u5e94\u7684m\u7684\u503c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u6269\u59271000\u500d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u516c\u5f0f\u8981\u5728\u91cf\u7eb2\u53d8\u6362\u4e0b\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u8981\u6c42\u8be5\u516c\u5f0f\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u53d8\u6362\u4e0b\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u8d1d\u7279\u6717<\/span>\uff08J. Bertrand\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u767d\u91d1\u6c49<\/span>\uff08E. Buckingham\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u70bc\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u91cf\u7eb2\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u91cf\u7eb2\u5206\u6790\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u5f80\u5f80\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u6027\u8d28\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u627e\u5230\u8d77\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1917\u5e74\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fbe\u897f\u00b7\u6c64\u666e\u68ee\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u65f7\u4e16\u540d\u4f5c\u300a\u751f\u957f\u548c\u5f62\u6001\u300b<\/span>\uff08On Growth and Form<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u91c7\u7528\u91cf\u7eb2\u5206\u6790\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u8fd8\u5c31\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u957f\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u51e0\u4f55\u5f62\u6001\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1932\u5e74\uff0c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f<\/span>\uff08Max Kleiber\uff09<\/span>\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7387\u4e0e\u5176\u4f53\u91cd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u73b0\u5f02\u901f\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u662f3\/4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f1882\u5e74\u9c81\u5e03\u7eb3<\/span>\uff08Rubner\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u91cf\u7eb2\u5206\u6790\u5f97\u5230\u76842\/3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5927\u591a\u501f\u9274\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53d7\u529b\u5206\u6790\u6216\u8005\u91cf\u7eb2\u5206\u6790\uff1b\u88ab\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e5f\u5927\u591a\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6b27\u6c0f\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u3002\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u8fd0\u4f5c\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u751f\u7269\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e143\/4\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u4e5f\u5728\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u6697\u793a\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u51e0\u4f55\u7279\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5177\u6709\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u62d3\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e2d<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5f02\u901f\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08allometry\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u8bcd\u6700\u65e9\u7531\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece<\/span>\uff08Huxley\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6cf0\u897f\u8036<\/span>\uff08Tessier\uff09<\/span>\u57281936\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u62db\u6f6e\u87f9<\/span>\uff08fiddler crab\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u94b3\u5b50\u5927\u5c0f\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u968f\u7740\u5176\u8eab\u4f53\u5927\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5e42\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8d1d\u5854\u6717\u83f2<\/span>\uff08Ludwig von Betalanffy\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u5bf9\u6709\u5173\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u5f02\u901f\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u79cd\u95f4\u5f02\u901f\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u3001\u79cd\u5185\u5f02\u901f\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d1\u80b2\u5f02\u901f\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u5f02\u901f\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u73b0\u8c61\u505a\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u6765\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9488\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6765\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u9488\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53d1\u80b2\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u6765\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8fd93\u79cd\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u6709\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u56fe\u4e66\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e94\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u8d1d\u52aa\u74e6\u00b7\u66fc\u5fb7\u5c14\u5e03\u7f57<\/span>\uff08Benoit Mandelbrot\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5206\u5f62\u51e0\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u5bb6\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5206\u5f62\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u53d8\u6362\u4e0b\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u3002\u66fc\u5fb7\u5c14\u5e03\u7f57\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5206\u5f62\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u56fe2.5\u6240\u793a\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u96ea\u82b1\u7684\u5468\u957f\u5c31\u548c\u5b83\u7684\u76f4\u5f84\u5b58\u5728\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u51e0\u4f55\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u5206\u5f62\u4e0e\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5206\u5f62\u51e0\u4f55\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8457\u540d\u7684\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5c31\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u8f93\u8fd0\u7f51\u7edc\u2014\u2014\u53c2\u89c1\u672c\u4e66\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03<\/span><\/strong>\uff08power law distribution\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a\u539a\u5c3e\u5206\u5e03<\/span>\uff08fat tail distribution\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u523b\u753b\u4e86\u4e8b\u7269\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6982\u7387\u4e0e\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u5448\u73b0\u8d1f\u6307\u6570\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u9ed1\u5929\u9e45\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8981\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u5927\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u65e9\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258<\/span>\uff08V. Pareto\uff09<\/span>\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u8d22\u5bcc\u5206\u5e03\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u537380%\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u88ab20%\u7684\u5bcc\u4eba\u6240\u5360\u6709\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u8d85\u7ea7\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u201c\u9ed1\u5929\u9e45\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u7f51\u7ad9\u7684\u70b9\u51fb\u91cf\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4e0b\u8f7d\u91cf\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u5730\u9707\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u7684\u597d\u53cb\u6570\u91cf\u7b49\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e5f\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\u8fd8\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u591a\u503c\u5f97\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u9650\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\u6682\u4e14\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca[6]<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1997\u5e74\uff0c\u6770\u5f17\u91cc\u00b7\u97e6\u65af\u7279<\/a><\/span>\uff08Geoffrey West\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5e03\u6717<\/span>\uff08James Brown\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u00b7\u6069\u594e\u65af\u7279<\/span>\uff08Brain Enquist\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684WBE\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e3a\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bdd\u9898\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u63d0\u8d77\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u754c\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u7b49\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u5200\u9614\u65a7\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u3001\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u6536\u96c6\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5728\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u5c0f\u5230\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\uff0c\u5927\u5230\u84dd\u9cb8\uff0c\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u572820\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u7684\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u90fd\u9002\u7528\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bff\u547d\u3001\u5fc3\u8df3\u9891\u7387\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u89c4\u6a21\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u7b49\u4eba\u4ece\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u51fa\u53d1\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u666e\u9002\u7684\u751f\u957f\u66f2\u7ebf\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u5c11\u6709\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5230\u4e862009\u5e74\uff0c\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u8054\u5408\u8d1d\u5f53\u53e4\u7b49\u4eba\u53c8\u5c06\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u901f\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\uff1a\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u4e9a\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219<\/span>\uff08\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u5c0f\u4e8e1\uff09<\/span>\uff1b\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u76f8\u5173\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8d85\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219<\/span>\uff08\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u5927\u4e8e1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7387\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u8d85\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u2014\u2014\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u8282\u594f\u5c31\u8d8a\u5feb\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d85\u6307\u6570\u589e\u957f\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u6a21\u4f1a\u589e\u957f\u5230\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u963b\u6b62\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u751f\u957f\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u57ce\u5e02\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u65b0\u91cd\u7f6e\u751f\u957f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u91cd\u7f6e\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u901f\uff0c\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u548c\u8d1d\u5f53\u53e4\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u9884\u8a00\u57ce\u5e02\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u8fc8\u5411\u5947\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u4e8e2010\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b8f\u89c2\u5e7f\u5ef6\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u6ee1\u8db3\u53ef\u52a0\u548c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5982\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u3001GDP\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u91cf<\/span>\uff08\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a0\u548c\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5982\u751f\u80b2\u7387\u3001\u4eba\u5747GDP\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540c\u6837\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u57ce\u5e02\u7684GDP\u4e0e\u4eba\u53e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u8d85\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684GDP\u4e0e\u4eba\u53e3\u5219\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u805a\u96c6\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u8d85\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u6211\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u793e\u533a\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u793e\u533a\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u7528\u6237\u6570\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u8d85\u7ebf\u6027\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e\u805a\u96c6\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u5404\u79cd\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u5bf9\u767e\u5ea6\u8d34\u5427\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u6d41\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5e7f\u4e49\u514b\u83b1\u4f2f\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e14\u5e42\u6307\u6570\u5927\u5c0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d34\u5427\u7528\u6237\u9ecf\u6027\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u7ae0\u8282\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u8fdb\u884c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5927\u6982\u57282010\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u52a0\u5165\u5723\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u9a6c\u5e93\u65af\u00b7\u54c8\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f<\/span>\uff08Marcus Hamilton\uff09<\/span>\u53ca\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u80af\u666e\u65af<\/span>\uff08Chris Kempes\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd13\u4e07\u5bb6\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd3000\u591a\u5bb6\u4e0a\u5e02\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u751f\u957f\u884c\u4e3a\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u521d\u6b65\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u4ecd\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e4b\u4e2d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6ce8\u91ca<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

[1] NASA\u66fe\u7ecf\u62cd\u6444\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c6\u9891\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u795e\u5947\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u7f29\u653e\u4e4b\u65c5\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n

[2] <\/span>\u6709\u5173\u5206\u5f62\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1\u66fc\u5fb7\u5c14\u5e03\u7f57\u8457\u7684\u300a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u51e0\u4f55\u5b66\u300b\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n

[3] <\/span>\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u5f62\u96ea\u82b1\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u8fb9\u7f18\u4e0a\u7684\u6298\u7ebf\u4f1a\u5728\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u65e0\u7a77\u5ef6\u4f38\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5f53\u653e\u5927\u4e00\u6bb5\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u66f2\u7ebf\u4e0a\u66f4\u4e3a\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u6298\u7ebf\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5370\u5237\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u56fe2.5\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c55\u73b0\u66f4\u4e3a\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n

[4] <\/span>1\u82f1\u5bf8\u4e3a2.54\u5398\u7c73\u3002\u2014\u2014\u7f16\u8005\u6ce8 <\/span><\/p>\n

[5] <\/span>\u6709\u5173\u89c4\u6a21\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u8fbe\u897f\u00b7\u6c64\u666e\u68ee\u8457\u7684\u300a\u751f\u957f\u548c\u5f62\u6001\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6770\u5f17\u91cc\u00b7\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u8457\u7684\u300a\u89c4\u6a21\u300b\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n

[6] <\/span>\u66f4\u591a\u6709\u5173\u5e42\u5f8b\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u7ebd\u66fc\uff08Mark Newmann\uff09\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u201cPower laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf\u2019s law\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5854\u52d2\u5e03\u8457\u7684\u901a\u4fd7\u8bfb\u7269\u300a\u9ed1\u5929\u9e45\u300b\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n

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    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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    \u6d3b\u52a8\u9884\u544a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


    <\/section>\n

    <\/p>\n


    <\/section>\n

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    <\/p>\n


    <\/section>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56edVIP\u53cc\u5341\u4e00\u9650\u65f6\u7279\u60e0\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u5373\u53ef\u89e3\u9501\u96c6\u667a\u6240\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u300a\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u300b\u8d60\u4e66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5468\u8fb9\u793c\u54c1\uff01\u8be6\u60c5\u8bf7\u89c1\uff1a\u300a\u4e00\u6b21\u89e3\u9501\u96c6\u667a\u6240\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u53cc\u5341\u4e00\u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56edVIP\u9650\u65f6\u4f18\u60e0\u6765\u5566\uff01<\/a>\u300b<\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    <\/span><\/a><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    \n

    \u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

    1. <\/strong><\/a>\u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u8bfb2021\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u2014\u2014\u5e73\u8861\u6df7\u6c8c\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u590d\u6742<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    2.<\/strong> 21\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\uff1f<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    <\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    3.<\/strong> <\/strong>\u5f20\u6c5f\u65b0\u4e66\u53d1\u5e03\uff01\u300a\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u2014\u2014\u63a2\u7d22\u4ece\u7ec6\u80de\u5230\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u666e\u9002\u89c4\u5f8b\u300b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    4.<\/strong> \u5415\u7433\u5a9b\uff1a\u65bd\u5fc5\u9002\u5176\u91cf\uff0c\u7528\u5fc5\u601d\u5176\u5668 | \u300a\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u300b\u63a8\u8350\u5e8f<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
    5.<\/strong> \u590d\u6742\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5417\uff1f\uff5c\u300a\u89c4\u6a21\u6cd5\u5219\u300b\u65b0\u4e66\u8bd5\u8bfb<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    6. <\/strong><\/strong><\/span>\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u53ef\u5fae\u5206\u7f16\u7a0b\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u5168\u65b0\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    7. \u4e00\u6b21\u89e3\u9501\u96c6\u667a\u6240\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u53cc\u5341\u4e00\u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56edVIP\u9650\u65f6\u4f18\u60e0\u6765\u5566\uff01<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    8. <\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a <\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/mp-style-type><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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