{"id":46754,"date":"2023-11-24T20:40:13","date_gmt":"2023-11-24T12:40:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=46754"},"modified":"2023-11-24T20:40:13","modified_gmt":"2023-11-24T12:40:13","slug":"%e6%b6%8c%e7%8e%b0%e7%9a%84%e4%bf%a1%e6%81%af%e8%ae%ba%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95%ef%bc%9a%e8%b7%a8%e5%b1%82%e7%ba%a7%e6%b6%8c%e7%8e%b0%e4%b8%8e%e6%bc%94%e5%8c%96%e7%9a%84%e4%bf%a1%e6%81%af%e5%ad%98%e5%82%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=46754","title":{"rendered":"\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u8de8\u5c42\u7ea7\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e0e\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8\u65b9\u5f0f"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Claudio Gnoli<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u8463\u4f73\u6b23<\/span><\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
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\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7531\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7ec4\u5408\u800c\u6210\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7c7b\u522b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u6b21\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6574\u5408\u5c42\u6b21\u201d\u7b49\uff09\uff08Kleineberg\uff0c2017\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u53e4\u5f80\u4eca\u6765\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u90fd\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u77f3\u5934\u3001\u690d\u7269\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u4eba\u7c7b\u3001\u5929\u4f7f\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5c42\u6b21\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u9636\u68af\u201d<\/span>\uff08the nature ladder\uff0cscala naturae\uff09\uff08Lovejoy\uff0c1936\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5e2e\u52a9\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u7531\u7ec6\u80de\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u7ec6\u80de\u7531\u5206\u5b50\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u7531\u539f\u5b50\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u7531\u8d39\u7c73\u5b50\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7269\u8d28\u6210\u5206\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c42\u6b21\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28<\/strong>\u4f9d\u8d56<\/strong>\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong><\/span>\uff08material dependence\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b<\/strong>\u8f6c\u53d8<\/strong>\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u542b<\/strong>\u7269\u8d28\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong>\uff0c\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0a\u9762\u5f15\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u610f\u8bc6<\/strong>\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u5927\u8111\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u7531\u5927\u8111\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u6210\u5206\u201c\u5236\u9020\u201d\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5206\u5b50\u7531\u539f\u5b50\u6216\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7531\u7ec6\u80de\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Nicolai Hartmann \u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5316\u3002Hartmann\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u300a\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u300b<\/span>\uff08The Structure of the Real World\uff0cDie Aufbau der realen Welt (1940)<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u73b0\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c42\u6b21\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u5c42\u6b21<\/span>\uff08layers\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5c42\u7ea7<\/span>\uff08strata\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5c42\u6b21<\/strong><\/span>\uff08layers\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u4e0b\u5c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u201d<\/span>\uff08overforming, Ueberformung\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5206\u5b50\u4e8e\u539f\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e0a\u6216\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u4e4b\u4e0a\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u5c42\u7ea7<\/strong><\/span>\uff08strata\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u7269\u8d28\u5c42\u3001\u6709\u673a\u5c42\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5c42\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u5c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0a\u6784\u5efa\u201d<\/span>\uff08overbuilding, Uberbauung\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5b9e\u4f53\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u7269\u8d28\u6210\u5206<\/span>\uff08Poli\uff0c2001\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Hartmann \u7684\u201c\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0a\u5efa\u6784\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\u6307\u51fa\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3001\u4f46\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u751f\u547d\u5230\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u5fc3\u667a\u5230\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u201d<\/span>\uff08spirit\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u2014\u2014\u5728 Hartmann \u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a Hartmann \u7684\u201c\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0a\u5efa\u6784\u201d\u770b\u4f5c\u662f Chalmers<\/span>\uff082002\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08strong emergence\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\uff1a\u201c\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u9886\u57df\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u5f31\u6d8c\u73b0\u53ea\u5728\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u539f\u5219\u4e0b\u51fa\u4e4e\u9884\u6599\u201d<\/span>\uff08Fromm, 2005\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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Hartmann \u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u90fd\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u5b9e\u73b0\u8c61\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u6574\u5408\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4e3b\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\u95f4\u8fd9\u79cd\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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2. \u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u5b9a\u5f8b <\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u3001\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6Fran\u00e7ois Jacob\u66fe\u5728\u591a\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u751f\u547d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e3b\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\u6d8c\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ebf\u7d22\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u3002Jacob<\/span>\uff081975\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u96f7\u8499\u5956\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u4e0e\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8eaf\u4f53\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8eaf\u4f53\u7684\u7279\u522b\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u4f20\u627f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u65ad\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u751f\u547d\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5148\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u540e\uff0c\u90fd\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5373\u9057\u4f20\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


<\/em><\/span><\/section>\n
Jacob \u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6307\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u201c\u65ad\u70b9\u201d\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e Hartmann \u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u5230\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u548c\u4ece\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u5230\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u7cbe\u795e\u5230\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u88abJacob\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u201d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65ad\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u6709\u77e5\u89c9\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u5927\u591a\u6570\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5217\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002Poli<\/span>\uff082001\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6309\u7167 Luhmann \u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5fc3\u667a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\/\u6587\u5316\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5171\u540c\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6bd5\u7adf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0cJacob\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65ad\u70b9\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u201c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u201d\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08Jacob\u2019s Law\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u65b0\u5c42\u7ea7\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u5206\u522b\u662f\u9057\u4f20\u5bc6\u7801\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u8bed\u8a00<\/strong>\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0cHenriques<\/span>\uff082003\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u5c06\u4e3b\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0e\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5b58\u50a8\u548c\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u5177\u6709\u4fe1\u606f\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u7269\u8d28\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff0c\u5f3a\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u201c\u5965\u79d8\u201d\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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3. \u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf <\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u7528 Gregory Bateson<\/span>\uff081972\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u540d\u8a00\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u4ea7\u751f\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u201d\uff0cFloridi<\/span>\uff082009\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5dee\u5f02\u201d\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6240\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u95f4\u65ad\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u6570\u636e\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u6570\u636e\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u201d\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5148\u4e8e\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u7269\u8d28\uff1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u53ef\u80fd<\/strong>\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e<\/strong>\u4fe1\u606f<\/strong>\u2014\u2014<\/strong>\u7528John Wheeler\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u6765\u81ea\u6bd4\u7279\u201d<\/span>\uff08it from bit\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u53cd<\/span>\uff08Davies & Gregersen\uff0c2014\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u628a\u771f\u5b9e\u5b9e\u4f53\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4ea4\u6362\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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 \u2022 C \u7531\u4e00\u7ec4\u6709\u9650\u7684\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u53ef\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u79cd\uff1a\u60f3\u60f3\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u4e2d\u6709 20 \u79cd\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\uff0c\u6216\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u6709 26 \u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u5b57\u6bcd\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8003\u8651\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b50\u96c6\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf<\/strong><\/span>\uff08semantic systems\uff0c\u03c4\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5177\u6709\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u5c5e\u6027\uff1aS\u2009\u2190\u2009E\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8857\u9053\u4e0a\u7684\u788e\u77f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8c\u7ef4\u4fe1\u606f\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u6a21\u5757\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u9e45\u5375\u77f3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6ca1\u6709\u9e45\u5375\u77f3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u5375\u77f3\u7684\u6392\u5217\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u968f\u673a\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6c7d\u8f66\u53cd\u590d\u901a\u8fc7\u4f1a\u4f7f\u9e45\u5375\u77f3\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8857\u9053\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c06\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u9e45\u5375\u77f3\u5c06\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u8857\u9053\u4e24\u4fa7\u3002Bickhard\u548cCampbell<\/span>\uff082003\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u5c06\u6b64\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u73af\u5883\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5c31\u662f\u6c7d\u8f66\u3002\u672c\u6587\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u540e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u4f1a\u53cd\u6620\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f20\u8fbe\u4e86\u73af\u5883\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5373\u6c7d\u8f66\u8fc7\u5883\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u7a7f\u7eff\u8863\u670d\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u5b89\u9759\u5730\u7761\u89c9\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u987a\u5e8f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u73af\u5883\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b69\u5b50\u5728\u7761\u89c9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u662f\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8eChomsky\u8457\u540d\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u201c\u65e0\u8272\u7684\u7eff\u8272\u4e3b\u610f\u6124\u6012\u5730\u7761\u89c9\u201d<\/span>\uff08colourless green ideas sleep furiously\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5176\u53e5\u6cd5\u7ed3\u6784S\u5b8c\u5168\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u8bed\u4e49\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3aS\u5728\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u672f\u8bed\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u8bed\u4e49\u6027\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u901a\u4fd7\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u8bed\u8a00\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08linguistic systems\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u610f\u4e49\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u5177\u6709\u53cd\u6620\u73af\u5883\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8868\u5f81\u663e\u7136\u5177\u6709\u8bed\u4e49\u6027\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u8ba9\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u6240\u5904\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u751f\u547d\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u8bed\u4e49\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u7b26\u5408\u73af\u5883\u7279\u5f81\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u9c7c\u7684\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u5f62\u72b6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179<\/span>\uff08Lorenz\uff09\uff081973\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u9a6c\u8e44\u7684\u5e73\u5766\u5f62\u72b6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8349\u539f\u5730\u7406\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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5. \u77e5\u60c5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08Informed Systems\uff09 <\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u7279\u5f81\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u9053\u8def\u4e24\u65c1\u7684\u9e45\u5375\u77f3\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51b0\u5ddd\u4fb5\u8680\u4ea7\u751f\u7684U\u5f62\u5c71\u8c37\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u5b9e\u7269\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u5305\u542b\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6210\u5206\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u65b0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7528\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u8ddf\u8e2a\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u53f2\u4e0a\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7ec4\u5408<\/strong>\u3002\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u539f\u59cb\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u72b6\u51b5\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\uff1a\u4e00\u65e6\u51fa\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u65b0\u7684\u6270\u52a8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u573a\u98ce\u66b4\uff0c\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u4f1a\u906d\u5230\u7834\u574f\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u8e2a\u66f4\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u590d\u5236<\/strong>\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6838\u5fc3\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u4e2a\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u610f\u5916\u7b49\u5076\u7136\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u6bc1\u706d\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u7559\u5728\u540e\u4ee3\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5408\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u968f\u540e\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u53d1\u80b2\u518d\u6b21\u7e41\u6b96\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u548c\u590d\u5236\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7cfb\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u77e5\u60c5<\/strong>\u7cfb\u7edf<\/strong><\/span>\uff08informed systems\uff0c\u03bb\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u201c\u6307\u4ee4\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/strong>\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u77e5\u60c5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u8bed\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u03c4<\/span>\uff08\u73af\u5883\u6a21\u578b\uff09<\/span>\u7531\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u03bc\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u03b5\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e13\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u8c03\u89e3\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u5916\u56f4\u8bbe\u5907\u4e00\u6837\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4f20\u611f\u5668<\/span>\uff08\u60f3\u60f3\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u6216\u6052\u6e29\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u8ba1\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6548\u5e94\u5668<\/span>\uff08\u60f3\u60f3\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u808c\u8089\uff0c\u6216\u4eba\u5de5\u5236\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u7cfb\u7edf \u03bb \u662f\u7531\u4e09\u79cd\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff1a\u03bb=(\u03bc,\u03c4,\u03b5)<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5176\u4e2d\u6838\u5fc3\u6a21\u578b\u7cfb\u7edf \u03c4 \uff0c(1) \u7531\u5b58\u50a8\u5668 \u03bc \u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c(2) \u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u548c\u6548\u5e94\u5668 \u03b5 \u4e0e\u73af\u5883 E \u8fdb\u884c\u53cc\u5411\u4ea4\u4e92\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
(1)\u03bc\u2192 \u03c4<\/span><\/section>\n
(2)\u03c4\u2194 \u03b5<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4ece\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\u6a21\u578b\u5316\u4e3a\u77e5\u60c5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8003\u8651\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0a\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u8bb0\u5fc6\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u4e0e\u88681\u6240\u5217\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u7cfb\u7edf\u03bb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u6587\u5316\u3002\u57fa\u56e0\u901a\u8fc7\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u63a7\u5236\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7684\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4e3a\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u79cd\u7fa4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u50a8\u5b58\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u884c\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eba\u5904\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u901a\u8fc7\u53e3\u5934\u6216\u4e66\u9762\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u4e60\u4fd7\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e8b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53cc\u5411\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u9075\u5faa Hartmann<\/span>\uff081940\uff0c1949\uff09<\/span>\u548c Feibleman<\/span>\uff081954\uff09<\/span>\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08law of levels\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5c42\u6b21 \u03bbn<\/sub><\/span> \u7684\u5b58\u5728\u90fd\u4e0e\u968f\u540e\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u5c42\u6b21 \u03bbn+1<\/sub><\/span>\u3001\u03bbn+2<\/sub><\/span> ……\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u5219\u4e0d\u7136\uff1a\u5c42\u6b21 \u03bbn<\/sub><\/span> \u786e\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u5c42\u6b21 \u03bbn-1<\/sub><\/span>\u3001\u03bbn-2<\/sub><\/span> \u7b49\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u624d\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7269\u8d28\u57fa\u7840\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6587\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e0a\u6587\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b21\u8981\u5c42\u6b21\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff0c\u6216 Hartmann \u7684\u201c\u4e8e\u5176\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u201d\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4ece\u80fd\u91cf\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u6db5\u76d6\u57fa\u7840\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u524d\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u573a\u3001\u65f6\u7a7a\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f4d\u4e8e\u57fa\u672c\u5c42\u6b21 \u03bb0<\/sub><\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u4ecd\u672a\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u8def\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u5177\u6709\u53cc\u91cd\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4eba\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u667a\u529b\u9700\u6c42<\/span>\uff08\u7eaf\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b9\u6848\u6765\u6e90\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u5e76\u91cd\u65b0\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>\uff08\u5e94\u7528\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6848\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf<\/strong><\/span>\uff08knowledge organizations systems , KOS\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5bf9\u8c61<\/span>\uff08Dalhberg, 1993; Hj\u00f8rland, 2016; Gnoli, 2020\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u867d\u7136\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6587\u732e\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u5c06\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u542b\u4e49\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u8bb0\u5f55\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u5de5\u5236\u54c1<\/span>\uff08Gnoli, 2019, \u7b2c4\u8282\uff1bBawden & Robinson, 2020, \u7b2c2.2\u8282\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u578b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u4e66\u76ee\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6848\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u68c0\u7d22\u65f6\u7684\u53d7\u63a7\u672f\u8bed\u8bcd\u5e93\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u5546\u4e1a\u4fe1\u606f\u5efa\u6a21\u65f6\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u672c\u4f53\u3002\u54f2\u5b66 KOS\u3001\u6559\u80b2 KOS \u548c\u4e66\u76ee KOS \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u65e9\u5728 Bliss<\/span>\uff081929\uff09<\/span>\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u4e66\u76ee\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u81ea\u52a8\u68c0\u7d22\u6570\u5b57\u6587\u672c\u7684\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u70ed\u6f6e\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u6b63\u65e5\u76ca\u5f97\u5230\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fd9\u79cd\u79e9\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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  2. \n
    Bawden, D., & Robinson, L. (2020). Still minding the gap? Refecting on transitions between concepts of information in varied domains. Information, 11(2), 71.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Bickhard, M. H., & Campbell, D. T. (2003). Variations in variation and selection: The ubiquity of the variation-and-selective-retention ratchet in emergent organizational complexity. Foundations of Science, 8, 215\u2013282.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Bliss, H. E. (1929). The organization of knowledge and the system of the sciences. Holt.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Bunge, M. (1979). Treatise on basic philosophy 4: Ontology II: A world of systems. Reidel.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Fromm, J. (2005). Types and forms of emergence. Arxiv. Retrieved August 16, 2022, from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/nlin\/0506028.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Gnoli, C. (2019). Levels of information, and library and information science as a science of mentefacts. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science, Ljubljana, June 16\u201319, 2019. Information Research, 24(4). Retrieved October 22, 2022 from http:\/\/www.informationr.net\/ir\/24-4\/colis\/colis1903.html.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Gnoli, C. (2020). Introduction to knowledge organization. Facet.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Gould, S. J. (1986). Evolution and the triumph of homology, or why history matters. American Scientist,74(1), 60\u201369.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Haefner, K. (Ed.). (1992). Evolution of information processing systems: An interdisciplinary approach for a new understanding of nature and society. Springer.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Hartmann, N. (1940). Die Aufbau der realen Welt: Grundri\u00df der allgemeinen Kategorienlehre. De Gruyter.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Hj\u00f8rland, B. (2016). Knowledge organization. Knowledge Organization, 43(6), 475\u201384.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Hofkirchner, W. (2010). Twenty questions about a unifed theory of information: A short exploration into information from a complex systems view. Emergent Publications.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Jacob, F. (1975). \u00c9volution et r\u00e9alisme. Fondation Charles-Eug\u00e8ne Guye, Prix Arnold Reymond d\u00e9cern\u00e9 le 5 d\u00e9cembre 1974 \u00e0 M le professeur Fran\u00e7ois Jacob (pp. 21\u201334). Payot-Librairie de l\u2019Universit\u00e9.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Kleineberg, M. (2017). Integrative levels. Knowledge Organization, 44(5), 349\u2013379.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Lorenz, K. (1973). Die R\u00fcckseite des Spiegels: Versuch einer Naturgeschichte menschlichen Erkennens. Piper. Engl. transl.: Behind the mirror: A search for a natural history of human knowledge. Methuen Jovanovich, 1976.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Lovejoy, A. O. (1936). The Great Chain of Being: A study of the history of an idea. Harvard University Press.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Mayr, E. (1982). The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    O\u2019Connor, T., & Wong, H.Y. (2015). Emergent properties (substantive revision). In Zalta, E.N. (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved August 16, 2022, from https:\/\/stanford.library.sydney.edu.au\/archives\/win2015\/entries\/properties-emergent\/.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Poli, R. (2001). The basic problem of the theory of levels of reality. Axiomathes, 12(3\u20134), 261\u2013283.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n
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    Ridi, R. (2020). La piramide dell\u2019informazione: una proposta. AIB studi, 60(2), 219\u2013267 and 60(3), 527\u2013551. Retrieved October 22, 2022 from https:\/\/aibstudi.aib.it\/issue\/archive.<\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n


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    \u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u56db\u5b63\u62db\u52df\u4e2d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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    \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\uff1f\u610f\u8bc6\u80fd\u5426\u5ea6\u91cf\uff1f\u673a\u5668\u80fd\u5426\u4ea7\u751f\u610f\u8bc6\uff1f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5373\u5c06\u8fce\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u6709\u5173\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6b63\u5982\u96e8\u540e\u6625\u7b0b\u822c\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u52c3\u52c3\u751f\u673a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6 Giulio Tononi \u7684\u6574\u5408\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\uff08IID\uff09\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6700\u6709\u524d\u666f\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u610f\u8bc6\u662f\u5927\u8111\u795e\u7ecf\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6d8c\u73b0\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u523b\u753b\u6d8c\u73b0\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u610f\u8bc6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u73af\u8282\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7406\u8bba\u76ee\u524d\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d3e\u522b\uff0c\u9664\u4e86 Erik Hoel \u7684\u6709\u6548\u4fe1\u606f\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f Rosas \u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u89e3\uff08PID\uff09\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u6b64\u540e Rosas \u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\u878d\u5408\u6574\u5408\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u89e3\u6846\u67b6 \u03a6ID\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6784\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/p>\n

    \u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u6574\u5408\uff08IIT\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u89e3\uff08PID\uff09\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u9999\u519c\u7ecf\u5178\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u56db\u5b63\u300c\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\uff1a\u4ece\u5206\u89e3\u5230\u6574\u5408<\/a>\u300d\u7531\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\u3001\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u5f20\u6c5f\u8001\u5e08\u9886\u8854\u53d1\u8d77\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u68b3\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8109\u7edc\uff0c\u4ece\u9999\u519c\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u6574\u5408\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u524d\u6cbf\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u4ea4\u53c9\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u201d\u5ea6\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u627e\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u95ee\u9898\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


    <\/span><\/section>\n
    <\/span><\/a><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n
    \u8be6\u60c5\u8bf7\u89c1\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
    \u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\uff1a\u4ece\u5206\u89e3\u5230\u6574\u5408\uff5c\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u56db\u5b63\u542f\u52a8<\/a><\/span>
    <\/span><\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
    \n

    \u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    1. <\/strong>\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0\u793e\u533a\u5171\u521b\u4e3b\u9898\u6587\u7ae0\u5408\u96c6<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    2. <\/strong>\u8111\u4e0e\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff1a\u4ece\u534f\u540c\u6838\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u6d8c\u73b0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    3. <\/strong>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7ed9\u4f60\u7b54\u6848<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    4.<\/strong> \u91cf\u5b50\u5230\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff1a\u4ece\u4fe1\u606f\u89d2\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u7684\u732b\uff5c\u91cf\u5b50\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe<\/a><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    5. <\/strong><\/strong><\/span>\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u53ef\u5fae\u5206\u7f16\u7a0b\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u5168\u65b0\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    6. \u6210\u4e3a\u96c6\u667aVIP\uff0c\u89e3\u9501\u5168\u7ad9\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0f\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    7. <\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n

    \u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

    <\/mp-style-type><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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