{"id":48841,"date":"2024-03-08T16:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-08T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=48841"},"modified":"2024-03-08T16:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-03-08T08:00:00","slug":"%e6%84%8f%e5%a4%a7%e5%88%a9%e6%97%a9%e6%9c%9f%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%89%e4%bd%8d%e5%a5%b3%e5%ad%a6%e8%80%85-%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e6%b2%a1%e6%9c%89%e5%bf%98%e8%ae%b0%e4%b8%a8%e9%99%88%e5%85%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=48841","title":{"rendered":"\u610f\u5927\u5229\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4e09\u4f4d\u5973\u5b66\u8005\u2014\u2014\u5386\u53f2\u6ca1\u6709\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u00b7\u76ae\u65af\u79d1\u76ae\u4e9a<\/span>\uff08Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia\uff0c1646\u5e746\u67085\u65e5-1684\u5e747\u670826\u65e5\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e1678\u5e74\u4ece\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Universit\u00e0 di Padova\uff09<\/span>\u83b7\u5f97\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u5979\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u65af<\/span>\uff08Laura Maria Caterina Bassi\uff0c1711\u5e7411\u670829\u65e5\u2060-1778\u5e742\u670820\u65e5\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e1732\u5e74\u5728\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Universit\u00e0 di Bologna\uff09<\/span>\u83b7\u5f97\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7136\u540e\u4e8e1776\u5e74\u83b7\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u804c\u79f0\u3002\u5979\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f<\/span>\uff08Maria Gaetana Agnesi\uff0c1718\u5e745\u670816\u65e5-1799\u5e741\u67089\u65e5\uff09<\/span>\u4e8e1750\u5e74\u5728\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u804c\u79f0\u3002\u5979\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe1  \u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u00b7\u76ae\u65af\u79d1\u76ae\u4e9a\uff08Elena Piscopia\uff09\u8096\u50cf<\/span><\/section>\n

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1646\u5e746\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u7684Palazzo Loredan\uff0c\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u5bb6\u5ead\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u8a79\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u5854\u00b7\u79d1\u5c14\u7eb3\u7f57-\u76ae\u65af\u79d1\u76ae\u4e9a<\/span>\uff08Gianbattista Cornaro-Piscopia\uff0c1613\u5e74-1692\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u5bb6\u5ead\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8428\u5185\u5854\u00b7\u8fea\u00b7\u535a\u5c3c<\/span>\uff08Zanetta di Angelo Boni\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u975e\u5a5a\u751f\u5973\u513f\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u4e03\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u4e2d\u6392\u884c\u7b2c\u4e94\u3002\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7981\u6b62\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u975e\u5a5a\u751f\u5b50\u5973\u7ee7\u627f\u8d35\u65cf\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u6c11\u30021654\u5e74\uff0c\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ed3\u4e86\u5a5a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u4f9d\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u8d35\u65cf\u7279\u6743\u548c\u5f85\u9047\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1669\u5e74\uff0c23\u5c81\u7684\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u5c06Carthusian\u6559\u4f1a\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u4e54\u74e6\u5c3c\u00b7\u62c9\u65af\u4f69\u5409\u5965<\/span>\uff08Giovanni Laspergio\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u540d\u8457\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u5bf9\u8bdd\u300b<\/span>\uff08Colloquy of Christ<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4ece\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e74\uff0c\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u6210\u679c\u8ba9\u5979\u58f0\u540d\u8fdc\u626c\uff0c\u88ab\u9080\u8bf7\u52a0\u5165\u591a\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u30021670\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u6210\u4e3a\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08Accademia dei Pacifici\uff09<\/span>\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1672\u5e74\uff0c\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u8fdb\u5165\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u537314-16\u4e16\u7eaa\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u5927\u5b66\u57f9\u80b2\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5fb7\u897f\u5fb7\u91cc\u4e4c\u65af\u00b7\u4f0a\u62c9\u65af\u8c1f<\/span>\uff08Desiderius Erasmus, 1466\u5e74-1536\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u00b7\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c<\/span>\uff08Nicolaus Copernicus\uff0c1473\u5e74-1543\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u8005\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u00b7\u7ef4\u8428\u91cc<\/span>\uff08Andreas Vesalius\uff0c1514\u5e74-1564\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u8be5\u6821\u6c42\u5b66\uff0c\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u00b7\u4f3d\u5229\u83b1<\/span>\uff08Galileo Galilei\uff0c1564\u5e74-1642\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u66fe\u5728\u6b64\u6821\u4efb\u6559\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1678\u5e74\uff0c\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u987a\u5229\u5730\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u5168\u90e8\u5b66\u4e1a\u3002\u5979\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7b54\u8fa9\u4e8e 6 \u6708 25 \u65e5\u5728\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u5927\u6559\u5802\u4e3e\u884c\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u6240\u6709\u9662\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u3001\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6765\u81ea\u7f57\u9a6c\u3001\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u4f69\u9c81\u8d3e<\/span>\uff08Perugia\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u90a3\u4e0d\u52d2\u65af<\/span>\uff08Naples\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u591a\u6240\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u5609\u5bbe\uff0c\u90fd\u51fa\u5e2d\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7834\u5929\u8352\u7684\u5973\u5b66\u751f\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7b54\u8fa9\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b54\u8fa9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u7528\u53e4\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u7b54\u590d\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u7531\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4eec\u4ece\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff08Aristotle\uff0c\u524d384\u5e74-\u524d322\u5e74\uff09\u539f\u8457\u91cc\u968f\u673a\u6311\u9009\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u8fa8\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5979\u7684\u7b54\u8fa9\u987a\u5229\u6210\u529f\u4e86\uff0132\u5c81\u7684\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d<\/span>\uff08Magistra et Doctrix Philosophiae \uff09<\/span>\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u6309\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5979\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u6842\u82b1\u73af\u3001\u4e00\u4ef6\u8c82\u76ae\u6597\u7bf7\u3001\u4e00\u53ea\u91d1\u6212\u6307\u548c\u4e00\u672c\u7ecf\u5178\u54f2\u5b66\u4e13\u8457\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e86\u8d3a\u7684\u793c\u7269\u3002\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u76f4\u52301732\u5e74\u610f\u5927\u5229\u624d\u6709\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5973\u535a\u58eb\u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u65af<\/span>\uff08Laura Maria Caterina Bassi\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe2  \u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u8363\u83b7\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff08Giuseppe Gatteri\u4f5c\u54c1\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

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1684\u5e74\uff0c\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u56e0\u80ba\u7ed3\u6838\u4e0d\u6cbb\u5728\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7438\u5c81\uff0c\u5b89\u846c\u5728Santa Giustina\u6559\u5802\u3002\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u3001\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u3001\u9521\u8036\u7eb3<\/span>\uff08Seina\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u90fd\u4e3a\u5979\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u8ffd\u60bc\u4f1a\u3002\u60b2\u75db\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u51fa\u8d44\u4e3a\u5973\u513f\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff5\u518c\u3001\u7ad6\u7acb\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u5e76\u653e\u7f6e\u4e86\u77f3\u5893\u7891\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u4e8e1692\u5e743\u670815\u65e5\u5728\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7479\u5c81\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9057\u5631\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5ff5\u5ff5\u4e0d\u5fd8\u5973\u513f\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\uff0c\u8bf4\u201c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u4e3a\u5979\u7f55\u6709\u7684\u54c1\u884c\u3001\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3001\u5584\u826f\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u548c\u5929\u4f7f\u822c\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u800c\u54c0\u60bc\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8bb8\u591a\u4e25\u8083\u4f5c\u5bb6\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u79f0\u8d5e\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u5979\u3001\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5979\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u4eba\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u89c1\u8bc1\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe4 \u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u65af\uff08Laura Bassi\uff09\u8096\u50cf<\/span><\/section>\n

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1711\u5e7411\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u65af<\/span>\uff08Laura Bassi\uff09<\/span>\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u88d5\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u6731\u585e\u4f69\u00b7\u5df4\u65af<\/span>\uff08Giuseppe Bassi\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e2a\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u540d\u53eb\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u585e\u8428\u8389<\/span>\uff08Maria Rosa Ces\u00e1ri\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u52b3\u62c9\u662f\u4e2a\u72ec\u751f\u5973\uff0c5\u5c81\u8d77\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4f4d\u8fdc\u4eb2\u3001\u7267\u5e08\u6d1b\u4f26\u4f50\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u52a0\u5c3c<\/span>\uff08Lorenzo Stegani\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8f85\u5bfc\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u5b66\u4e60\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u548c\u6cd5\u8bed\u3002\u52b3\u62c913\u5c81\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7267\u5e08\u7531\u5bb6\u5ead\u533b\u751f\u3001\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u76d6\u5854\u8bfa\u00b7\u5854\u79d1\u5c3c<\/span>\uff08Gaetano Tacconi\uff09<\/span>\u63a5\u66ff\uff0c\u8f85\u5bfc\u5979\u5b66\u4e60\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u3001\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31731\u5e74\u597920\u5c81\u65f6\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u5854\u79d1\u5c3c\u9080\u8bf7\u4e86\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u666e\u6d1b\u65af\u5f7c\u7f57\u00b7\u5170\u4f2f\u7279\u5c3c<\/span>\uff08Prospero Lambertini\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u56db\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u6765\u8003\u67e5\u52b3\u62c9\u7684\u5b66\u8bc6\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u957f\u8f88\u4eec\u5341\u5206\u60ca\u53f9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4f4d\u4ece\u7f57\u9a6c\u5927\u5b66\u83b7\u5f97\u795e\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u5170\u4f2f\u7279\u5c3c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e\u7fcc\u5e74\u53731732\u5e744\u670817\u65e5\u63a8\u835021\u5c81\u7684\u52b3\u62c9\u53c2\u52a0\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u5b66\u4f4d\u7b54\u8fa9\u3002\u52b3\u62c9\u4ee5\u5176\u535a\u5b66\u901a\u8bc6\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u8003\u8bd5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u987a\u5229\u5730\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u7b54\u8fa9\u5e76\u4e8e5\u670812\u65e5\u6b63\u5f0f\u83b7\u5f97\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u300217\u65e5\uff0c\u5b66\u4f4d\u9881\u53d1\u4eea\u5f0f\u5728\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u5927\u5385\u4e3e\u884c\u3002\u52b3\u62c9\u6210\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u83b7\u5f97\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u83b7\u5f97\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u9762\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u5973\u4e3b\u89d2\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u00b7\u76ae\u65af\u79d1\u76ae\u4e9a\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u540c\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u53c8\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u5927\u5b66\u516c\u5f00\u4efb\u804c\u7b54\u8fa9\uff0c\u88ab\u8058\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bb2\u5e08\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662<\/span>\uff08Accademia delle Scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna\uff09<\/span>\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5973\u9662\u58eb\u3002\u52b3\u62c9\u88ab\u5b66\u754c\u53ca\u516c\u4f17\u79f0\u4e3a\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u201c\u667a\u6167\u5973\u795e\u201d<\/span>\uff08Minerva\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u548c\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u5927\u5b66\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u95f4\u666e\u901a\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u5b83\u59cb\u5efa\u4e8e1088\u5e74\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6240\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0b\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5b83\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u5f00\u62d3\u8005\u3001\u53f2\u8bd7\u300a\u795e\u66f2\u300b\u4f5c\u8005\u4f46\u4e01\u00b7\u963f\u5229\u5409\u8036\u91cc<\/span>\uff08Dante Alighieri\uff0c1265\u5e74-1321\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u7236\u5f17\u6717\u5207\u65af\u79d1\u00b7\u5f7c\u7279\u62c9\u514b<\/span>\uff08Francesco Petrarca\uff0c1304\u5e74\u2060-1374\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5fb7\u897f\u5fb7\u91cc\u4e4c\u65af\u00b7\u4f0a\u62c9\u65af\u8c1f\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u00b7\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u7b49\u6781\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe5 \u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff08Universita di Bologna\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

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1738\u5e74\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u548c\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u8bb2\u5e08\u3001\u533b\u751f\u6731\u585e\u4f69\u00b7\u7ef4\u62c9\u8482<\/span>\uff08Giuseppe Veratti\uff0c1707\u5e74-1793\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u7ed3\u4e86\u5a5a\u3002\u7ef4\u62c9\u8482\u83b7\u5f97\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u3002\u592b\u5987\u4fe9\u517b\u80b2\u6709\u4e94\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5973\u513fCaterina\u572818\u5c81\u65f6\u75c5\u901d\u3002
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\u5728\u5a5a\u540e\u51e0\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u6c34\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u30021746\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u5411\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u7a7a\u6c14\u7684\u538b\u7f29\u201d<\/span>\uff08Sulla compressione dell’aria\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e86\u516c\u5f00\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1747\u5e74\uff0c\u7ef4\u62c9\u8482\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5b66\u6821\u8981\u6c42\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u7535\u7528\u4e8e\u533b\u7597\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u592b\u5987\u4fe9\u4fbf\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u5b89\u88c5\u4e86\u9759\u7535\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u5907\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u30021752\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u590d\u73b0\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u672c\u6770\u660e\u00b7\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797<\/span>\uff08Benjamin Franklin\uff0c1706\u5e74\u2060-1790\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u5173\u4e8e\u96f7\u7535\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u7535\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u8bb8\u591a\u8457\u540d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba9-\u5b89\u6258\u4e07\u00b7\u8bfa\u83b1<\/span>\uff08Jean-Antoine Nollet\uff0c1700\u5e74\u2060-1770\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e54\u74e6\u5c3c\u00b7\u8d1d\u5361\u91cc\u4e9a<\/span>\uff08Giovanni Battista Beccaria\uff0c1716\u5e74\u2060-1781\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d39\u5229\u65af\u00b7\u4e30\u5854\u7eb3<\/span>\uff08Felice Fontana\uff0c1730\u5e74\u2060-1805\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7535\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u7f57\u00b7\u4f0f\u7279<\/span>\uff08Alessandro Volta\uff0c1745\u5e74\u2060-1821\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u57281746\u5e74\u52301777\u5e74\u768431\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u5b8c\u6210\u4e8628\u7bc7\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d13\u7bc7\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\uff0c11\u7bc7\u662f\u6c34\u529b\u5b66\u7684\uff0c2\u7bc7\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u7684\uff0c1\u7bc7\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u5b66\u7684\uff0c1\u7bc7\u662f\u5316\u5b66\u7684\uff0c1\u7bc7\u662f\u6280\u672f\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u53ea\u67094\u7bc7\u3002\u5728\u52b3\u62c9\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u4e0d\u662f\u65f6\u5c1a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1771\u5e746\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u5411\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u7535\u529b\u6765\u6e90\u201d<\/span>\uff08Sopral\u2019elettricit\u00e0 vindice\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u52b3\u62c9\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u8bb0\u5f55\u5728\u5979\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u4e2d\u3002\u548c\u52b3\u62c9\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u4e00\u6d41\u5b66\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u738b\u201d\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0<\/span>\uff08M. de Voltaire\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6Francesco Algarotti\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6Ru\u0111er Josip Bo\u0161kovi\u0107\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6Charles Bonnet\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6Jean-Antoine Nollet\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6Giambattista Beccaria\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6Paolo Frisi\u548c\u7535\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f0f\u7279\u3002\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\u66fe\u5728\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u66f4\u4e50\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u6709\u5df4\u65af\u7684\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u90a3\u91cc\u6709\u725b\u987f\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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1755\u5e74\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u5728\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u3002\u9664\u6559\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u52a8\u624b\u53c2\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7535\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u662f\u628a\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u5f15\u5165\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u52b3\u62c9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u6765\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u3002\u5979\u6559\u6388\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u957f\u8fbe28\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u53d7\u5230\u8bf8\u591a\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8bfe\u7a0b\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u8bb2\u6388\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5979\u6bd5\u751f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u91cc\u7684\u6027\u522b\u5e73\u7b49\u800c\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e89\u53d6\u4e0e\u7537\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u52b3\u62c9\u7684\u613f\u671b\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31776\u5e74\uff0c65\u5c81\u7684\u5979\u624d\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u8058\u4efb\u4e3a\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662<\/span>\uff08Istituto delle Scienze\uff09<\/span>\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe6 \u52b3\u62c9\u662fAccademia benedettina\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5973\u6210\u5458<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u5170\u4f2f\u7279\u5c3c\u57281740\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u5b97\u672c\u7b03\u5341\u56db\u4e16<\/span>\uff08Pope Benedict XIV\uff0c1675\u5e74-1758\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u52b3\u62c9\u4e00\u751f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6559\u5b97\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5f3a\u529b\u652f\u6301\u8005\u548c\u8d44\u52a9\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u00b7\u4f3d\u5229\u840a\u6240\u906d\u9047\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u518d\u6b21\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u652f\u6301\u5973\u6027\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b66\u5973\u6559\u6388\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u30021745\u5e74\uff0c\u672c\u7b03\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u753125\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u56e2\u4f53\u201c\u672c\u7b03\u4f1a\u5b66\u9662\u201d<\/span>\uff08Accademia benedettina\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u52b3\u62c9\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5973\u6027\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9664\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u5bf9\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6587\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u56fd\u6587\u5b66\u90fd\u6709\u7cbe\u6df1\u7684\u9020\u8be3\u3002\u5979\u662f\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u5b66\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u9aa8\u5e72\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1778\u5e742\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u52b3\u62c9\u5982\u5e38\u51fa\u5e2d\u4e86\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u9884\u6599\u5230\uff0c\u7fcc\u65e5\u5979\u4fbf\u56e0\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u7a81\u53d1\u4e0d\u5e78\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7467\u5c81\u3002\u52b3\u62c9\u7684\u846c\u793c\u5728\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684Corpus Domini\u6559\u5802\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u9057\u4f53\u88ab\u5b89\u846c\u5728Tagliapietre\u6559\u5802\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u52b3\u62c9\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u7ef4\u62c9\u8482\u88ab\u59d4\u4efb\u63a5\u66ff\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u804c\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff5\u52b3\u62c9\uff0c\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u4e3a\u5979\u7ad6\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0a\u5927\u7406\u77f3\u96d5\u50cf\u30021891\u5e74\uff0c\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5e02\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u6240\u201c\u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u65af\u9ad8\u7b49\u5973\u5b50\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u6821\u201d\uff0c\u540e\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u65af\u5b66\u56ed\u201d\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u30021991\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u91d1\u661f\u4e0a\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u65af\u9668\u77f3\u5751\u30022019\u5e74\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d77\u6d0b\u5b66\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u547d\u540d\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u8258\u79d1\u7814\u7834\u51b0\u8239\u4e3a\u201c\u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u65af\u53f7\u201d\u30022011\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u52b3\u62c9\u8bde\u8fb0 300 \u5468\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u6069\u624e\u00b7\u5185\u683c\u7f57\u5c3c<\/span>\uff08Enza Negroni\uff09<\/span>\u6267\u5bfc\u3001\u7f16\u8f91\u74e6\u83b1\u91cc\u5a05\u00b7\u5b54\u7d22\u6d1b<\/span>\uff08Valeria Consolo\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u739b\u5854\u00b7\u5361\u74e6\u624e<\/span>\uff08Marta Cavazza\uff09<\/span> \u534f\u540c\u5236\u4f5c\u53d1\u884c\u4e86<\/span>\u4e00\u90e8\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\u201c\u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u5df4\u897f\uff1a\u4f20\u5947\u4eba\u751f\u201d\uff08Laura Bassi, una vita straordinaria\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe7 \u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f\uff08Maria Agnesi\uff09\u8096\u50cf<\/span><\/section>\n

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1718\u5e745\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f<\/span>\uff08Maria Agnesi\uff09<\/span>\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3002
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\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5f7c\u5f97\u7f57\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f<\/span>\uff08Pietro Agnesi\uff0c1685\u5e74-1752\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u4e1d\u7ef8\u5546\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u559c\u7231\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3a\u5b50\u5973\u4eec\u8058\u8bf7\u4e86\u5f88\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5bb6\u6559\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u7ecf\u5e38\u9080\u8bf7\u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5230\u5bb6\u91cc\u4e3e\u884c\u5b66\u672f\u805a\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bb6\u5ead\u6d3b\u52a8\u7ed9\u4e88\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u65e0\u5f62\u7684\u718f\u9676\u3002\u5c11\u5e74\u65f6\u7684\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u795e\u7ae5\uff1a\u59795\u5c81\u5df2\u80fd\u8bf4\u6d41\u5229\u6cd5\u8bed\uff0c13\u5c81\u65f6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u3001\u5fb7\u6587\u3001\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u6587\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6587\u3002\u548c\u524d\u9762\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4e3b\u89d2\u827e\u7433\u5a1c\u00b7\u76ae\u65af\u79d1\u76ae\u4e9a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aOraculum Septilingue\uff0c\u5373\u5177\u6709\u4e03\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5c0f\u5973\u5b69\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0e\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u5ba2\u4eba\u4eec\u7528\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u5927\u5bb6\u559c\u7231\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u50cf\u8868\u6f14\u9a6c\u620f\u4e00\u6837\u53bb\u70ab\u8000\u5973\u513f\u806a\u660e\u624d\u667a\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u8ba9\u5979\u5185\u5fc3\u975e\u5e38\u82e6\u607c\u751a\u81f3\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6297\u62d2\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1738\u5e74\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u51fa\u8d44\u4e3a\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u300b<\/span>\uff08Propositiones Philosophicae<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5185\u542b191\u4e2a\u77ed\u7bc7\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u5979\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u548c\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u5ba2\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u624b\u8bb0\uff0c\u8bba\u9898\u9664\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5982\u5929\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u725b\u987f\u4e07\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u548c\u5f39\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u7b49\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u89c9\u5f9720\u5c81\u7684\u5973\u513f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u8005\u4e86\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e0d\u518d\u52c9\u5f3a\u5979\u50cf\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u90a3\u6837\u4ee5\u5176\u806a\u660e\u4f36\u4fd0\u53bb\u53d6\u60a6\u5ba2\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7236\u4eb2\u5728\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u65f6\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u5979\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7b54\u5e94\u53ea\u8981\u5979\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u5c31\u5141\u8bb8\u5979\u53bb\u4ece\u4e8b\u81ea\u5df1\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6148\u5584\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u9664\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4e0d\u5026\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\u6570\u5b66\u30021739\u5e74\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u7eaa\u5c27\u59c6\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u5fc5\u8fbe<\/span>\uff08Guillaume de l\u2019Hopital\uff0c1661\u5e74-1704\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u57281696\u5e74\u5199\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u300a\u65e0\u7a77\u5c0f\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u66f2\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u300b<\/span>\uff08Analyse des Infiniment Petits, Pour l\u2019intelligence des lignes courbes<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u7531\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8457\u540d\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u62c9\u7c73\u7f57\u00b7\u5170\u76ae\u5185\u5229<\/span>\uff08Ramiro Rampinelli\uff0c1697\u5e74-1759\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u5f15\u8fdb\u5230\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u8ddf\u968f\u5170\u76ae\u5185\u5229\u5b66\u4e60\u4ee3\u6570\u3001\u51e0\u4f55\u548c\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u90a3\u672c\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe8 \u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f\u7684\u300a\u5206\u6790\u8bb2\u4e49\u300b\uff081748\u5e74\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

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1748\u5e74\uff0c30\u5c81\u7684\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u7ee7\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u5fc5\u8fbe\u4e4b\u540e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u672c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u4e0e\u79ef\u5206\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u300a\u5206\u6790\u8bb2\u4e49\uff1a\u4f9b\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u751f\u4f7f\u7528\u300b<\/span>\uff08Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventu italiana<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u636e\u5979\u672c\u4eba\u5728\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u5b9a\u7406\u3002\u5168\u4e66\u5206\u4e24\u518c\uff0c\u5171\u56db\u672c\uff0c\u7ea61000\u9875\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4ee3\u6570\u3001\u89e3\u6790\u51e0\u4f55\u3001\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u53ca\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7b49\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u56db\u672c\u4e66\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\u300a\u6709\u9650\u6570\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7b97\u672f\u3001\u4ee3\u6570\u548c\u89e3\u6790\u51e0\u4f55\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b\u300a\u65e0\u7a77\u5c0f\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5fae\u5206\u5b66\uff1b\u300a\u79ef\u5206\u5b66\u300b\uff1b\u300a\u5207\u7ebf\u53cd\u6f14\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u662f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7b80\u4ecb\u3002\u5979\u7684\u8fd9\u5957\u4e66\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3a\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u548c\u725b\u987f\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u6498\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u9053\u6865\u6881\u3002\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u8fd9\u90e8\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e24\u4f4d\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u5170\u76ae\u5185\u5229\u548c\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u00b7\u9ece\u5361\u63d0<\/span>\uff08Jacopo Riccati\uff0c1676\u5e74-1754\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u548c\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u628a\u5979\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u732e\u7ed9\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7687\u540e\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u7279\u857e\u897f\u4e9a<\/span>\uff08Maria Theresa\uff0c1717\u5e74-1780\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7687\u540e\u4eab\u6709\u656c\u91cd\u548c\u63a8\u5d07\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u3002\u7687\u540e\u56de\u8d60\u4e86\u4e00\u679a\u94bb\u6212\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u94bb\u77f3\u6c34\u6676\u76d2\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6559\u5b97\u672c\u7b03\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u5173\u6ce8\u5230\u5979\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5956\u52b1\u4e86\u5979\u4e00\u679a\u91d1\u724c\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9576\u6709\u5b9d\u77f3\u7684\u91d1\u82b1\u73af\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u9644\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5c06\u7ed9\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4ee5\u53ca\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5e26\u6765\u8363\u8000\u201d\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u6559\u6750\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u591a\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6d41\u884c\u4e86\u534a\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u30021801\u5e74\uff0c\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66Lucas\u6570\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u79d1\u5c14\u68ee<\/span>\uff08John Colson\uff0c1680\u5e74-1760\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u628a\u5168\u4e66\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u82f1\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u987a\u4fbf\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u672c\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u91cc\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u8be6\u7ec6\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u66f2\u7ebf\ud835\udc66(x2<\/sup> + \ud835\udc4e2<\/sup> )=\ud835\udc4e3<\/sup>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e38\u6570\u03b1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5706\u7684\u534a\u5f84\u3002\u5979\u79f0\u8fd9\u66f2\u7ebf\u4e3aversoria\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u201c\u53d8\u5316\u591a\u7aef\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u5176\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\u53d1\u97f3\u4e0eversiera<\/span>\uff08\u5973\u5deb\uff09<\/span>\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u88ab\u540e\u4eba\u620f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u963f\u6d85\u897f\u5973\u5deb\u66f2\u7ebf\u201d<\/span>\uff08Witch of Agnesi\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u6570\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7b95\u820c\u7ebf\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe9 MatLab\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u7b95\u820c\u7ebf\uff08\u03b1=5\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
1749\u5e74\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u30021750\u5e7410\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u7ecf\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u548c\u4e09\u4f4d\u9662\u58eb\u6559\u6388\u8054\u5408\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u7ed9\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u9881\u53d1\u4e86\u201c\u6570\u5b66\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u201d\u804c\u79f0\u6587\u51ed\u5e76\u628a\u5979\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u6559\u5e08\u540d\u518c\u91cc\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u5979\u6210\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u6570\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8bb0\u5f55\u8868\u660e\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u540e\u6765\u7559\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u6388\u8bfe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\u65f6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8654\u8bda\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u5979\u5df2\u7ecf\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u5730\u6295\u5165\u5230\u516c\u4f17\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e2d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5979\u7236\u4eb21752\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u4fbf\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u601d\u8003\u30021762\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u90fd\u7075\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino\uff09<\/span>\u9080\u8bf7\u5979\u5bf9\u5e74\u8f7b\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u745f\u592b-\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u62c9\u683c\u6717\u65e5<\/span>\uff08Joseph-Louis Lagrange\uff0c1736\u5e74-1813\u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u5173\u4e8e\u53d8\u5206\u6cd5\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u53d1\u8868\u8bc4\u5ba1\u610f\u89c1\u65f6\uff0c\u5979\u56de\u590d\u8bf4\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u5173\u5fc3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u5c06\u540e\u534a\u751f\u5949\u732e\u7ed9\u4e86\u795e\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a\u548c\u516c\u76ca\u6d3b\u52a8\u30021783\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u7c73\u5170\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u5bb6\u8d2b\u6c11\u7597\u517b\u9662\u5e76\u517c\u4efb\u9662\u957f\u3002\u5979\u4e3a\u63a5\u6d4e\u8d2b\u7a77\u75c5\u4eba\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8001\u4eba\u548c\u5987\u5973\u8017\u5c3d\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u6709\u7684\u79ef\u84c4\u548c\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53d8\u5356\u4e86\u7687\u540e\u7279\u857e\u897f\u4e9a\u9001\u7ed9\u5979\u7684\u94bb\u6212\u548c\u6559\u5b97\u672c\u7b03\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u5956\u7ed9\u5979\u7684\u5b9d\u77f3\u82b1\u73af\u30021799\u5e741\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u5728\u8d2b\u56f0\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u56e0\u80f8\u79ef\u6c34\u533b\u6cbb\u65e0\u6548\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7481\u5c81\u3002\u5979\u88ab\u5b89\u846c\u5728\u535a\u6d1b\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u8d2b\u6c11\u516c\u5893\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff5\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f\uff0c1996\u5e74\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7b2c16765\u53f7\u5c0f\u884c\u661f\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u963f\u6d85\u897f\u661f\u3002\u5728\u91d1\u661f\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5979\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u7684\u9668\u77f3\u5751\u3002\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7c73\u5170\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u963f\u6d85\u897f\u5927\u8857\uff0c\u8857\u8fb9\u67f1\u77f3\u4e0a\u954c\u523b\u7740\u4e00\u53e5\u94ed\u6587\uff1a\u201c\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f\uff0c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5149\u8000\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6570\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u535a\u5b66\u901a\u624d\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/section>\n

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2018\u5e743\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u56db\u5f20\u4e00\u5957\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u90ae\u7968\uff0c\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5973\u6027\u5929\u624d\uff1a\u5728\u827a\u672f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5973\u6027\u201d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u5f20\u662f\u201c\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f\u201d\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\uff0c\u68b5\u8482\u5188\u4e5f\u53d1\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u679a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u201d\u90ae\u7968\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe10 \u739b\u4e3d\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u6d85\u897f\u96d5\u50cf\uff08\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u7c73\u5170\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6df7\u6c8c\u79d1\u5b66\u7cfb\u5217\u79d1\u666e\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u7279\u522b\u7b56\u5212\u6df7\u6c8c\u79d1\u5b66\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e26\u9886\u5b66\u5458\u8d70\u8fd1\u6df7\u6c8c\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u5404\u7c7b\u6df7\u6c8c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u8bfe\u7a0b\u9080\u8bf79\u4f4d\u4ece\u4e8b\u6df7\u6c8c\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d44\u6df1\u5b66\u8005\u62c5\u4efb\u5bfc\u5e08\uff0c\u5bfc\u5e08\u56e2\u961f\u7531\u8457\u540d\u6df7\u6c8c\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u57ce\u5e02\u5927\u5b66\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u9648\u5173\u8363\u9886\u8854\u3002\u7cfb\u5217\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6574\u4e0a\u7ebf\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u5373\u53ef\u89e3\u9501\u5168\u90e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5f55\u64ad\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u5bfc\u5e08\u4eec\u68b3\u7406\u597d\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u8d44\u6599\u63a8\u8350\u3002\u6b22\u8fce\u5bf9\u6df7\u6c8c\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u7406\u8bba\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u52a0\u5165\uff01
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\u8be6\u60c5\u8bf7\u89c1\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6df7\u6c8c\u79d1\u5b66\u7cfb\u5217\u79d1\u666e\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1a\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u6d4b\uff1f<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n


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<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
1. <\/strong>\u56e0\u4e3a\u5979\uff0c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u79f0\u8c13\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
2. <\/strong>\u6df7\u6c8c\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4ece\u5979\u7b14\u4e0b\u6084\u6084\u6d41\u51fa\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
3.<\/strong><\/strong> \u5979\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bc2\u9759\u4e28\u9648\u5173\u8363<\/a><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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4. <\/strong><\/strong><\/span>\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u53ef\u5fae\u5206\u7f16\u7a0b\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u5168\u65b0\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
5. <\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/a>\u9f99\u5e74\u5927\u8fd0\u8d77\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u6b63\u5f53\u65f6\uff01\u89e3\u9501\u96c6\u667a\u5168\u7ad9\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u65b0\u5e74\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba1\u5212<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
6. <\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/section>\n

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