{"id":49520,"date":"2024-04-06T21:57:40","date_gmt":"2024-04-06T13:57:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=49520"},"modified":"2024-04-06T21:57:40","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T13:57:40","slug":"%e5%a4%8d%e6%9d%82%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e5%92%8c%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%9a%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e3%80%81%e7%90%86%e8%ae%ba%e5%92%8c%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95%e6%84%8f%e4%b9%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=49520","title":{"rendered":"\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u610f\u4e49"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Michael Jacobson<\/span> | \u4f5c\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u6559\u5b66\u601d\u8003\u8005<\/span> <\/span>| \u6765\u6e90<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff1aMichael J. Jacobson (University of Sydney), Uri Wilensky (Northwestern University), Complex Systems and the Learning Sciences – Educational, Theoretical, and Methodological Implications, in R. Keith Sawyer, The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences, Cambridge University Press, 2022<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u7ef4<\/span>\uff08Complex systems thinking\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f00\u8f9f\u65b0\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u89c6\u91ce\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u65e5\u76ca\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u867d\u7136\u67d0\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u5316<\/span>\uff08evolution by natural selection\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u5e73\u8861<\/span>\uff08dynamic equilibrium\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8de8\u9886\u57df\u6027\u8d28\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u6216\u5229\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58<\/span>\uff08interdependence\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6d8c\u73b0\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08emergent patterning\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a<\/span>\uff08cellular automata\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5efa\u6a21<\/span>\uff08agent-based modeling\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u5438\u5f15\u5b50<\/span>\uff08dynamical attractors\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6df7\u6c8c<\/span>\uff08deterministic chaos\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08scale-free\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u7f51\u7edc\u62d3\u6251<\/span>\uff08small-world network topologies\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>\uff08system-environment interaction\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u666f\u89c2\u548c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u5b9a\u6027\u63a8\u7406<\/span>\uff08qualitative reasoning\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u5de5\u5177<\/span>\uff08Bar-Yam\uff0c1997\uff1bMitchell\uff0c2009\uff1bWilensky & Rand\uff0c2015\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u548c\u5408\u6210\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u5efa\u6a21<\/span>\uff08quantitative modeling\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6a21\u62df\u7b49\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u89d2\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u6240\u8574\u542b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u529b\u91cf\u5374\u5f88\u5c11\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7ecf\u5386\u6240\u501f\u9274\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u5efa\u6a21\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u5165\u672c\u79d1\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u4e00\u822c\u5f88\u5c11\u63a5\u89e6\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u4e5f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u4e3b\u6d41\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7f3a\u5931\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u9519\u5931\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\u548c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7edf\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5f53\u4ee3\u5173\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u7c7b\uff1a\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6311\u6218<\/span>\uff08cognitive challenges\uff09\uff08\u89c1\u7b2c25.1.1\u8282\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u7b2c25.1.2\u8282\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u6311\u6218<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Complex Systems Concepts and Cognitive Challenges<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u8003\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\u9047\u5230\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6559\u6388\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u751f\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5927\u5b66\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u6301\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u505c\u6b62\u4e8e\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08Kozma, Chin, Russell, & Marx, 2000; Stieff & Wilensky, 2003\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8fdb\u5316\u662f\u6027\u72b6\u4f7f\u7528\u6216\u5e9f\u5f03\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6027\u72b6\u4f1a\u4ee3\u4ee3\u76f8\u4f20<\/span>\uff08Bishop & Anderson, 1990; Evans, 2013; Samarapungavan & Wiers, 1997\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c9\u76f8\u53cd<\/span>\uff08counterintuitive\uff09\uff08Casti, 1994; Wilensky & Resnick, 1999\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0e\u5176\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6548\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u5c0f\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6548\u679c\u5c0f\uff1b\u5927\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6548\u679c\u76f8\u5e94\u5927<\/span>\uff08Casti, 1994\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u653e\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>\uff08Bak, Tang, & Wiesenfeld, 1987; Lorenz, 1963\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e34\u754c\u70b9<\/span>\uff08tipping points\uff09<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08Dai, Vorsellen, Korolev, & Gore, 2012; Gladwell, 2000\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u201c\u8774\u8776\u6548\u5e94<\/span>\uff08butterfly effect\uff09<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08Lorenz, 1963\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5047\u5b9a\u96c6\u4e2d\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u89e3\u91ca<\/span>\uff08Resnick & Wilensky, 1998; Wilensky & Resnick, 1999\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ee5\u6d8c\u73b0\u548c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u968f\u673a\u548c\u5206\u6563\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6000\u6709\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u62b5\u89e6\u60c5\u7eea<\/span>\uff08Resnick, 1996\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u65b0\u624b\u6240\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u6982\u5ff5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b0\u624b\u548c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5728\u6784\u5efa\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba<\/span>\uff08ontologies\uff09\uff08Jacobson, 2001\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u9762\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65b0\u624b\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u673a\u68b0\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u9648\u8ff0\u3001\u96c6\u4e2d\u5f0f\u63a7\u5236\u6e90\u548c\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8303\u5f0f\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e13\u5bb6\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u5957\u201c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u5957\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a7\u5236\u662f\u5404\u8981\u7d20\u5206\u6563\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u53d8\u5316<\/span>\uff08conceptual change\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u3002Charle<\/span>s<\/span>\uff082002\uff09<\/span>\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5728\u4e3a\u671f\u4e09\u5929\u7684\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ec4\u7684\u5b66\u751f<\/span>\uff0816-18\u5c81\uff09<\/span>\u542c\u53d6\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684StarLogoT<\/span>\uff08Wilensky\uff0c1997\uff09<\/span>\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8bfe\u5802\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528Jacobson<\/span>\uff082001\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ec4\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u6709\u5173\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8fd1\u8f6c\u79fb\u548c\u4e2d\u8f6c\u79fb\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u7a81\u73b0\u201d\u89e3\u91ca\u6846\u67b6<\/span>\uff08\u201cemergent\u201d explanatory framework\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u8fd1\u8fc1\u79fb\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u949f\u8868<\/span>\uff08clockwork\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u660e\u663e\u5c11\u4e8e\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3002Charles\u548cd’Apollonia<\/span>\uff082004\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9Charles<\/span>\uff082002\uff09<\/span>\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e5d\u540d\u5b66\u751f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b9a\u6027\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u5957StarLogoT\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u578b\u65f6\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u8f85\u5bfc\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u5230\u7684\u4ee5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u5728\u6240\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u7a81\u53d1\u56e0\u679c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u516d\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u201c\u968f\u673a\u884c\u52a8<\/span>\uff08random actions\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u548c\u201c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6548\u5e94<\/span>\uff08nonlinear effects\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u5374\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u7279\u522b\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08Jacobson, Kapur, So, & Lee, 2011\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u91cd\u8981\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u6d8c\u73b0<\/span>\uff08emergence\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5143\u7d20\u5728\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u4e92\u52a8\u5982\u4f55\u4fc3\u6210\u9ad8\u9636\u3001\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u8d28\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u3002Penner<\/span>\uff082001\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5f88\u96be\u4ece\u8bfe\u5802\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08emergent patterning\uff09<\/span>\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u5fae\u89c2\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u5177\u6709\u9996\u8981\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u80cc\u9053\u800c\u9a70\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9ad8\u9636\u7279\u6027\u662f\u4ece\u5c40\u90e8\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

Chi\u3001Roscoe\u3001Slotta\u3001Roy\u548cChase<\/span>\uff082012\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u8981\u5b66\u4f1a\u63a8\u7406\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5f3a\u70c8\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5f7b\u5e95\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8f6c\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u7b80\u5355\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u76f4\u63a5\u56e0\u679c\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002Chi\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u8bf8\u5982\u6269\u6563<\/span>\uff08diffusion\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u6e17\u900f<\/span>\uff08osmosis\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9<\/span>\uff08natural selection\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u7a81\u73b0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u7a81\u73b0\u56e0\u679c\u56fe\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08emergent-causal schema\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u56fe\u5f0f\u4e0e\u513f\u7ae5\u5e26\u5165\u8bfe\u5802\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u56e0\u679c\u56fe\u5f0f\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u79f0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0cWilensky\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u66ff\u6362\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u63a8\u7406\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span>\uff08Levy & Wilensky\uff0c2008\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5b66\u751f\u5c06\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u56e0\u679c\u884c\u52a8\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7a81\u53d1\u7ed3\u679c\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u6559\u6388\u5b66\u751f\u7a81\u53d1\u56e0\u679c\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4e5f\u80fd\u52a0\u6df1\u5bf9\u7535\u529b\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\uff08Blikstein & Wilensky, 2009; Sengupta & Wilensky, 2009\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Pedagogical Research into Learning Complex Systems Ideas<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u6027\u601d\u60f3\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u8868\u5f81\u6765\u7a81\u51fa\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u952e\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u7531Resnick\u548cWilensky<\/span>\uff081993\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53caWilensky\u548cResnick<\/span>\uff081999\uff09<\/span>\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86StarLogo\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u5835\u585e\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u8682\u8681\u89c5\u98df\u6a21\u578b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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Wilensky\u548c\u4ed6\u5728\u897f\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u8fde\u901a\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5efa\u6a21\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u4f7f\u7528NetLogo<\/span>\uff08Wilensky\uff0c1999\uff09<\/span>\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u5efa\u6a21<\/span>\uff08ABM\uff0cagent-based modeling\uff09<\/span>\u73af\u5883\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6269\u5927\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8303\u56f4\uff0cWilensky\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86NetLogo\u5efa\u6a21\u73af\u5883\u3002NetLogo\u662f\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u63a2\u7d22\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u73b0\u8c61\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u3002NetLogo\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u4ee3\u8868\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u5982\u6d77\u9f9f\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u9759\u6b62\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u4e92\u52a8\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a2\u7d22\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7c7b\u578b\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u52a8\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ee3\u7406\u7684\u5efa\u6a21\u4e2d\uff0c\u5355\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u72fc\u3001\u661f\u661f\u3001\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\uff09<\/span>\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\uff0c\u800cABM\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u6a21\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u751f\u6001\u3001\u661f\u7cfb\u3001\u5927\u8111\uff09<\/span>\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u7684ABM\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u5373\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u6b21\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u4f46\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fbf\u4e8e\u63a2\u7d22\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0cWilensky\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177LevelSpace<\/span>\uff08Hjorth, Head, Brady, & Wilensky, 2020\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6574\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u68f5\u5c42\u6b21\u5206\u660e\u7684\u6811\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u7d22\u3002Hjorth\u3001Wilensky\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u5bf9NetLogo\u548cLevelSpace\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u591f\u8de8\u5c42\u6b21\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u591a\u5c42\u6b21\u7406\u89e3<\/span>\uff08Hjorth, Brady, Head, & Wilensky, 2015; Hjorth & Wilensky, 2014\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8981\u4f7f\u7528ABM\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u5efa\u6a21\uff0c\u5efa\u6a21\u8005\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u627e\u5230\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7a81\u53d1\u73b0\u8c61\u3002Wilensky\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u5c06NetLogo\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5e74\u9f84\u5c42\u6b21<\/span>\uff08\u7279\u522b\u5173\u6ce8\u57ce\u5e02\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u521d\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5b66\u751f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u4e86ABM\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u88ab\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5fae\u578b\u4e16\u754c<\/span>\uff08Papert\uff0c1980\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u64cd\u7eb5\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u5fae\u578b\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c<\/span>\uff08Edwards\uff0c1995\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u79cd\u5173\u8054\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u5982\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u89c6\u89c9\u8868\u5f81<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u9e1f\u7fa4\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u56fe\u5f62\u548c\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ea7\u7a81\u53d1\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u72ec\u7279\u5730\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86ABM\u548c\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bbe\u8ba1\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7a81\u53d1\u7cfb\u7edf\u5fae\u578b\u4e16\u754c<\/span>\uff08ESMs\uff09\uff08Dabholkar & Wilensky, 2019\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u7a81\u53d1\u7cfb\u7edf\u6c99\u76d8<\/span>\uff08ESSs\uff0cemergent system sandboxes\uff09\uff08Brady, Holbert, Soylu, Novak, & Wilensky, 2015\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5f00\u5c55\u975e\u51e1\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u521d\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5b66\u751f\u4ece\u76d2\u5b50\u4e2d\u6c14\u4f53\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u7406\u60f3\u6c14\u4f53\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span>\uff08Levy & Wilensky, 2009; Wilensky, 2003\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u6a21\u62df\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08Arastoopour Irgens\u7b49\uff0c2020\uff1bWilensky & Novak, 2010\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u73b0\u8c61<\/span>\uff08Blikstein & Wilensky, 2009, 2010\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6a21\u62df\u8424\u706b\u866b\u540c\u6b65\u95ea\u5149<\/span>\uff08Wilensky & Novak, 2010\uff09\u3001 2020; Wilensky & Novak, 2010\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u73b0\u8c61<\/span>\uff08Blikstein & Wilensky, 2009, 2010\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u8424\u706b\u866b\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u95ea\u5149\u5efa\u6a21<\/span>\uff08Wilensky & Reisman, 2006\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u867d\u7136\u521b\u5efa\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5927\u591a\u5d4c\u5165 STEM\u8bfe\u5802\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad\u7b49\u4e3b\u9898<\/span>\uff08Guo & Wilensky\uff0c2018\uff1bWilkerson- Jerde & Wilensky\uff0c2015\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0cWilensky<\/span>\uff082020\uff09<\/span>\u548cWilensky\u4e0ePapert<\/span>\uff082010\uff09<\/span>\u8fd8\u5728\u8868\u5f81\u548c\u94ed\u6587\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u60a0\u4e45\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u5c06\u73b0\u8c61\u8868\u5f81\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u7528\u7f57\u9a6c\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6570\u5b57\u8f6c\u5411\u7528\u5370\u5ea6-\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6570\u5b57\u8868\u793a\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u91cd\u7ec4\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u5370\u5ea6-\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u91cd\u7ec4\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u91cd\u7ec4\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u8f83\u5927\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u9664\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5370\u5ea6-\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u91cd\u7ec4\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u513f\u7ae5\u90fd\u80fd\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u80fd\u3002Wilensky\u548cPapert\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u91cd\u7ec4\uff0cABM\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u91cd\u7ec4\u79d1\u5b66\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u590d\u6742\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u5b66\u79d1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5408\u4f5c\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u9886\u57df\u91cd\u7ec4<\/span>\uff08Wilensky\uff0c2020\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u7814\u7a76\u5176\u5728\u589e\u5f3a\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u63a8\u7406\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u8c61\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u529f\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0cResnick\u548cWilensky<\/span>\uff081998\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53caWilensky\u548cResnick<\/span>\uff081999\uff09<\/span>\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u5e76\u6784\u5efa\u5bf9\u5b8f\u89c2\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\u9047\u5230\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u56f0\u96be\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba-\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u601d\u7ef4\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u3002\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u6446\u8131\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u5b9a\u52bf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u7f6e\u4e8e\u65e5\u5e38\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u6a21\u62df\u201d\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u626e\u6f14\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u8bfe\u5802\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u65e5\u5e38\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/span>\uff08Abrahamson & Wilensky, 2004; Colella, 2000; Resnick & Wilensky, 1998; Wilensky & Stroup, 2000\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u6a21\u62df\uff0cWilensky\u548cStroup<\/span>\uff082000\uff09<\/span>\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u6a21\u62df\u67b6\u6784HubNet\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u57fa\u4e8eHubNet\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u6a21\u62df\u5df2\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u4ece\u5206\u5b50\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5230\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u53c2\u4e0e\u6a21\u62df\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u9700\u8981\u4e24\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3001\u4e92\u8865\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u201c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u5b66\u751f\u6839\u636e\u5355\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7279\u6027\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u7406\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u201c\u603b\u4f53\u201d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u5b66\u751f\u6839\u636e\u79cd\u7fa4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7279\u6027\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u7387\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b66\u751f\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u8c61\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u521b\u9020\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u4fee\u6b63\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5<\/span>\uff08Goldstone & Wilensky, 2008\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u751f\u53c2\u4e0e\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u8ba8\u8bba\u65f6\uff0cAbrahamson\u548cWilensky<\/span>\uff082006\uff09<\/span>\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u5f15\u53d1\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u5230\u5b8f\u89c2\u63a8\u8bba\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5305\u62ec\u6a21\u62df\u4e2d\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u52a8\u6001\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5982\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u52a8\u6001\u7ebf\u7d22\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u6a21\u62df\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u5982\uff081\uff09\u672a\u80fd\u9884\u89c1\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u57fa\u4e8e\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u7a81\u53d1\u6027\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u5728\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7ebf\u6027\u63a8\u7406\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7ebf\u6027\u63a8\u7406\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u6df7\u6dc6\u968f\u673a\u6027\u4e0e\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\uff084\uff09\u5ffd\u7565\u53cd\u9988\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002Abrahamson\u548cWilensky\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u6559\u5b66\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0e\u7ebf\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u6559\u5b66\u80cc\u9053\u800c\u9a70\uff0c\u800c\u7ebf\u6027\u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u53d1\u5f0f\u6559\u5b66\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5efa\u8bae\u5b66\u751f\u4f7f\u7528\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u5e93\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4<\/span>\uff08\u53e6\u89c1Goldstone & Wilensky, 2008\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u7c7b\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5f00\u59cb\u5f62\u6210\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u7cfb\u7edf\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u590d\u6742\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u634d\u536b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

Wilensky\u548cStroup<\/span>\uff082000\uff09<\/span>\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u89c6\u89d2<\/span>\uff08\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u89c6\u89d2<\/span>\uff08\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u4e92\u8865\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e92\u8865\u89c6\u89d2\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8eNathan\u548cSawyer\u7684\u5143\u7d20\/\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u5c42\u6b21<\/span>\uff08\u672c\u5377\u7b2c2\u7ae0\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u636e\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0eHubNet\u6a21\u62df\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u591f\u5feb\u901f\u4ea4\u66ff\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a<\/span>\uff08\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b<\/span>\uff08\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u3001\u603b\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u8fd9\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u80fd\u529b\u3002Wilensky\u3001Hazzard\u548cLongenecker<\/span>\uff082000\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u6240\u8c13\u7684”\u7a81\u53d1\u7ec3\u4e60”\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5411\u5b66\u751f\u4f20\u6388\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ea4\u66ff\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u53ef\u559c\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

Levy\u548cWilensky<\/span>\uff082008\uff09<\/span>\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u603b\u4f53\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u5fae\u89c2\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u4e8b\u4ef6\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e86\u516d\u5e74\u7ea7\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u5b66\u751f\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5373\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e2d\u5c42\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4ecb\u4e8e\u5fae\u89c2\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65b0\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u4e2d\u5c42\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5355\u4e2a\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u63a8\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u5c42\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5efa\u6784\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u5f62\u6210\u5fc3\u667a\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fc3\u667a\u6a21\u578b\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7528\u4e8e\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u539f\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u5c40\u90e8\u4e92\u52a8\u5f62\u6210\u5c0f\u7ec4\u3002\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2d\u5c42\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u968f\u673a\u7b49\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u539f\u7406\u7684\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u5f62\u6210\u4e2d\u5c42\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5f53\u4f5c\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u5c42\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u591f\u7262\u56fa\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

Yoon<\/span>\uff082008\uff09<\/span>\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b<\/span>\uff08Yoon\u7b49\uff0c2016\uff1bYoon\u3001Goh\u548cPark\uff0c2018\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f7f\u7528StarLogo Nova ABM\u73af\u5883<\/span>\uff08Hsiao\u3001Lee\u548cKlopfer\uff0c2019\uff09<\/span>\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\uff081\uff09\u590d\u6742\u6027\u89c6\u89d2\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u9057\u4f20\u5de5\u7a0b\u8fd9\u4e00\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\uff082\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u4e92\u52a8\u52a8\u6001\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u6807\u51c6\uff08Next Generation Science Standards\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6d3b\u52a8\u878d\u5165\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfe\u5802\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u5426\u5229\u7528\u6216\u8fc1\u79fb\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u5b66\u4e60\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u539f\u7406\u5df2\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0cGoldstone\u548cWilensky<\/span>\uff082008\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u79d1\u5b66\u8fc1\u79fb\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u7a0b\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

Jacobson\u7b49\u4eba<\/span>\uff082017\uff09<\/span>\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u660e\u786e\u5173\u6ce8\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5229\u7528NetLogo\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08ABM\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u51c6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5931\u8d25<\/span>\uff08PF\uff0cproductive failure\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u4e60\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e4b\u524d\u7684 PF \u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7269\u7406<\/span>\uff08Jacobson, Kim, Pathak, & Zhang, 2015; Kapur, 2006\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u6570\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Kapur, 2014; Kapur & Bielaczyc, 2012; Loibl & Rummel, 2014\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u5bfc<\/span>\uff08DI\uff0cdirect instruction\uff09<\/span>\u7ec4\uff0cPF\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6700\u521d\u4f7f\u7528ABM\u89e3\u51b3\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7531\u6559\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u9996\u5148\u63a5\u53d7\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u5bfc<\/span>\uff08\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0ePF\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u811a\u672c\u76f8\u540c\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528ABMs\u89e3\u51b3\u540c\u4e00\u7ec4\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e24\u7ec4\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ee5\u53ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fc1\u79fb\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u9762\uff0cPF\u7ec4\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6d4b\u9a8c\u540e\u5f97\u5206\u660e\u663e\u9ad8\u4e8eDI\u7ec4\u5b66\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u96be\u5ea6\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u624d\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u6587\u7b2c25.1.1\u8282\u548c\u7b2c25.1.2\u8282\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4f4e\u5e74\u7ea7\u5b66\u751f\u4e5f\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5982\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u3001\u7a81\u73b0\u7279\u6027\u548c\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7b49\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u8bf4\u5b66\u4e60\u8d77\u6765\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56f0\u96be\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u671f\u5f85\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u80fd\u591f\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a2\u7d22\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u671f\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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Theoretical and Methodological Implications<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ece\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8f6c\u5411\u4f7f\u7528\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5bf9\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBereiter\u548cScardamalia<\/span>\uff082006\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91ca\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6d8c\u73b0\u7b49\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u6b63\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u4e3b\u6d41\u5b66\u4e60\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u3002D. E. Brown\u548cHammer<\/span>\uff082008\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u3001\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u548c\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4ece\u4f7f\u7528\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u5230\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u2014\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4f9d\u6b21\u5bf9\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u8bbe<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Complexity and Theory Building in the Learning Sciences<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u81ea\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u521b\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u60c5\u5883\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9635\u8425\u4e2d\u54ea\u4e2a\u9635\u8425\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5360\u636e\u9996\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u4e89\u8bba<\/span>\uff08Anderson, Greeno, Reder, & Simon, 2000; Anderson, Reder, & Simon, 1996, 1997; J. S. Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989; Cobb & Bowers, 1999; Greeno, 1997\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6709\u5173\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605Nathan\u548cSawyer<\/span>\uff08\u672c\u5377\u7b2c2\u7ae0\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e2e\u52a9\u8c03\u548c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e89\u8bba\uff0cJacobson\u7b49\u4eba<\/span>\uff082016\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u73af\u5883\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u3001\u751f\u7269\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u89c6\u89d2<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e0a\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u4e60\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7279\u6027\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u89c6\u89d2\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7406\u8bba\u9002\u7528\u6027\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u89c2\u70b9<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u886825.1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u6216\u6559\u5ba4\u4e2d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u6216\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u534f\u4f5c\u5b66\u4e60\u6d3b\u52a8\u53ef\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5fae\u89c2-\u5b8f\u89c2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u5b66\u751f\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u6216\u201c\u554a\u54c8\u201d\u65f6\u523b\u5219\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5229\u7528\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6<\/span>\uff08CSCFL\uff0ccomplex systems conceptual framework of learning\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5b66\u4e60\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08cognitive learning theories\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u5206\u6790\u4e3a\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5982\u5927\u8111\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6027\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u60c5\u5883\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u6559\u80b2\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u6216\u5143\u7d20\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5305\u542b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u5bf9\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\u3001\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6216\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cJacobson\u7b49\u4eba<\/span>\uff082016\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u60c5\u5883\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u6559\u80b2\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u548c\u8de8\u5c42\u6b21\u52a8\u6001\u63d0\u4f9b\u539f\u5219\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5982\u5bf9\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027\u6216\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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Complexity Research Methods for Educational Complex Systems<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u57fa\u4e8e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u89c6\u89d2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u5411\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5bf9\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5de5\u5177\u5305\u4e2d\u5c1a\u672a\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b0\u8d21\u732e\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u5efa\u6a21\u3002Jacobson\u7b49\u4eba<\/span>\uff082019\uff09<\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5b9a\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u89e3\u51b3\u6559\u80b2\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u52a8\u6001\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u7ebf\u6027\u548c\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\u5171\u5b58\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u548c\u8de8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u51fa\u73b0\u201d\u65b0\u5174\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u6210\u529f\u7528\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u5b9a\u91cf\u548c\u5b9a\u6027\u65b9\u6cd5\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u886825.1 \u7528\u4e8e\u793a\u4f8b\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff08Jacobson\u7b49\uff0c2016\uff0c\u7b2c213\u9875\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u7f16\u6ce8\uff1a\u8868\u683c\u4e2d\u7d27\u6025\u60c5\u51b5\u5e94\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u6d8c\u73b0\u60c5\u51b5\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u6a21\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u7cfb\u7edf\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u3001ABM\u548c\u9057\u4f20\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u6280\u672f\u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5229\u7528\u5148\u8fdb\u8ba1\u7b97\u5efa\u6a21\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316<\/span>\uff08West & Dowlatabadi, 1999\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u4ea4\u901a\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08Balmer, Nagel & Raney, 2004\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5efa\u6a21<\/span>\uff08Cuevas, 2020; Vermeer, Hjorth, Jenness, Brown & Wilensky, 2020\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66<\/span>\uff08Arthur, Durlauf & Lane, 1997; Epstein, 2006\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u793e\u533a\u4e5f\u5df2\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5efa\u6a21\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u9057\u4f20\u7b97\u6cd5\u548c\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6b63\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u5408\u6210\u73af\u5883\uff08Epstein\uff0c2006\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u7075\u6d3b\u5730\u63a2\u7d22\u7269\u7406\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5728”\u771f\u5b9e\u7684”\u975e\u5408\u6210\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8fd8\u5229\u7528ABM\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u9610\u8ff0\u548c\u68c0\u9a8c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5efa\u6a21\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u5f00\u53d1\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6574\u5408\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u8bba<\/span>\uff08Abrahamson, Blikstein & Wilensky, 2007\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u6b63\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u5b66\u6821\u91c7\u7528\u6280\u672f<\/span>\uff08Frank\u3001Zhao\u548cBorman\uff0c2004\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u7ee9\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>\uff08Maroulis\u548cGomez\uff0c2008\uff09<\/span>\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u8bfe\u9898\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5229\u7528\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u6a21\u62df\u73af\u5883\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5c06\u5206\u6563\u7684\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u4e0e\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e3b\u4f53<\/span>\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u4e92\u52a8\u6210\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u6e90<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cGoldstone & Wilensky, 2008\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ece\u8ba4\u77e5\u8868\u5f81\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u3001\u4e0e\u8bfe\u5802\u6280\u672f\u5e72\u9884\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5230\u534f\u4f5c\u4e92\u52a8\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u5021\u8bae\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u5efa\u6a21\u5728\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u672c\u7ae0\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\uff081\uff09\u4e3b\u6d41\u5b66\u751f\u5982\u4f55\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7814\u7a76\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\uff082\uff09\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5b66\u4e60\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u5b66\u4e60\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6269\u5c55\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b66\u751f\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7406\u89e3\u4f55\u79cd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u77e5\u8bc6<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5177\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u671f\u5f85\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fc1\u79fb\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u52a8\u529b\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u5f00\u5c55\u66f4\u591a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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    \uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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    \u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u300c\u590d\u6742\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b63<\/a>\u300d\u9080\u8bf7\u540c\u6d4e\u5927\u5b66\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eff\u771f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4efb\u9646\u4e91\u6ce2\uff0c\u4e1c\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u8363\u667a\u6d77\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ea7\u4e1a\u754c\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u63a8\u52a8\u8005\u3001\u6811\u5170\u533b\u7597\u96c6\u56e2\u603b\u88c1\u90d1\u6770\uff0c\u5317\u5927\u7eb5\u6a2a\u5408\u4f19\u4eba\u9648\u96c1\u9e3f\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u8d77\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u5b63\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u805a\u7126\u5728\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u591a\u4e3b\u4f53\u6a21\u62df\u3001\u521b\u65b0\u578b\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u7b49\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5206\u4eab\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u9886\u57df\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7ecf\u5178\u79d1\u666e\u56fe\u4e66\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b66\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u4eab\u4ee5\u53ca\u8de8\u9886\u57df\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u63a2\u8ba8\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u573a\u666f\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u5c55\u671b\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u5e94\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u591a\u53d8\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u672a\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7ebf\u4e0b\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ece2024\u5e744\u670820\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u516d\u4e0b\u53483:00-5:00\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u6301\u7eed10~12\u5468\uff0c\u671f\u5f85\u60a8\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u77e5\u884c\u5408\u4e00\uff0c\u8df5\u884c\u7406\u60f3\uff01<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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    2. <\/strong>\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u7897\u201d\u6a21\u578b\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba9\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u61c2\u4f1a\u7528\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b<\/a>  <\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    3. <\/strong>\u300a\u89e3\u56f0\u4e4b\u9053\u300b\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u8fdb\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u590d\u6742\u4e16\u754c\uff1f<\/a><\/strong><\/span>
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    4. <\/strong><\/span>\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u53ef\u5fae\u5206\u7f16\u7a0b\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u5168\u65b0\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    5.<\/strong> \u9f99\u5e74\u5927\u8fd0\u8d77\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u6b63\u5f53\u65f6\uff01\u89e3\u9501\u96c6\u667a\u5168\u7ad9\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u65b0\u5e74\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba1\u5212<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    6. <\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/section>\n


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    \u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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