{"id":50141,"date":"2024-05-04T19:41:31","date_gmt":"2024-05-04T11:41:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=50141"},"modified":"2024-05-04T19:41:31","modified_gmt":"2024-05-04T11:41:31","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%a4%a7%e8%87%aa%e7%84%b6%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e8%bf%90%e4%bd%9c%e3%80%8b%ef%bc%9a%e5%85%b3%e4%ba%8e%e8%87%aa%e7%bb%84%e7%bb%87%e4%b8%b4%e7%95%8c%e6%80%a7%e7%9a%84%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%ef%bd%9c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=50141","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u300b\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff5c\u6c64\u8d85\u9662\u58eb\u4f5c\u5e8f\u63a8\u8350"},"content":{"rendered":"
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1986 \u5e74\u6211\u4ece\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\uff0c\u53bb\u5230\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6d77\u6587\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7406\u8bba\u7ec4\u4ece\u4e8b\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u7814\u6c1b\u56f4\u975e\u5e38\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u601d\u8003\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bd5\u8bd5 f\/1 \u566a\u58f0\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u5bf9\u5b83\u7740\u8ff7\u3002\u6211\u628a\u60f3\u6cd5\u544a\u8bc9\u4e86\u5df4\u514b<\/span>\uff08Per Bak\uff09<\/span>\u6559\u6388\u548c\u7ef4\u68ee\u8d39\u5c14\u5fb7<\/span>\uff08Kurt Wiesenfeld\uff09<\/span>\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f88\u6709\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u4e66\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u91cc\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u7684\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u5496\u5561\u5c4b\u9694\u58c1\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u65f6\u5149\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7531\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u63a2\u7d22\u3001\u4ea4\u6d41\u78b0\u649e\u3002\u8bb0\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0<\/span>\uff08\u4e66\u4e2d\u56fe9 \u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u63a5\u6536\u7684\u90a3\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u548c\u7ef4\u68ee\u8d39\u5c14\u5fb7\u53bb\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u5c0f\u9910\u5385\u5403\u4e86\u4e00\u987f\u6c49\u5821\u5305\u6765\u5e86\u795d\u3002\u4ece\u90a3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u7231\u4e0a\u4e86\u6c49\u5821\u5305\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3001\u4ece\u591a\u5b66\u79d1\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u601d\u8003\u3002\u970d\u91d1<\/span>\uff08Stephen Hawking\uff09<\/span>\u66fe\u8bf4\uff0c21 \u4e16\u7eaa\u5c06\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e16\u7eaa\uff1b2021 \u5e74\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u4e5f\u9881\u7ed9\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51b3\u5b9a\u51fa\u7248\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u6070\u9022\u5176\u65f6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u6bb5\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee<\/span>\uff08P. W. Anderson\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u601d\u60f3\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u548c\u552f\u4e00\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0b\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span>20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u5185\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\uff1a<\/span>\u539f\u5b50\u4e0e\u5206\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u6838\u7269\u7406\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u8272\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u5f31\u7535\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u591a\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7ecf\u5178\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/span>\u572821 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9769\u547d\u5c06\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u4e4b\u95f4\u6784\u5efa\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6784\u5efa\u5177\u6709\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u6216\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/span>\u524d\u8005\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u662f\u5bf9\u79f0\u7834\u7f3a\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u662f\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u4e8e1996 \u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u674e\u709c\u548c\u8521\u52d6\u4e24\u4f4d\u8001\u5e08\u5c06\u6b64\u4e66\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u4e8e2000 \u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u7684\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\u5bf9\u539f\u8bd1\u6587\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8ba4\u771f\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u6821\u5bf9\u4e0e\u4fee\u8ba2\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u505a\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u8981\u611f\u8c22\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u524d\u4efb\u548c\u73b0\u4efb\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5206\u5de5\u5982\u4e0b\u2014\u2014 \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u95eb\u5609\u4f1f\u3001\u65b9\u7f8e\u741b\u3001\u738b\u5f6c\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u79e6\u5c71\u5c71\u3001\u5218\u6ce2\u3001\u5218\u96e8\u8f69\uff1b\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u76db\u5357\u3001\u4fde\u6613\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u674e\u5029\u6021\uff1b\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u738b\u656c\u4e1a\u3001\u4fde\u6613\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f20\u6f47\u9038\u3001\u4f59\u5e78\u6052\uff1b\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u8d75\u5fc3\u6e90\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f90\u4f9d\u670b\u3001\u4fde\u6613\uff1b\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\uff1a\u738b\u6b23\u3001\u5e38\u7545\u3001\u5218\u7965\uff1b\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f90\u5c0f\u5a75\u3001\u7530\u51b0\u73f2\uff1b\u5168\u4e66\u7edf\u7b79\uff1a\u4fde\u6613\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u8981\u611f\u8c22\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u540c\u4ec1\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e0d\u61c8\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u5728\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u9762\u8c8c\u5448\u73b0\u5728\u8bfb\u8005\u9762\u524d\u3002\u5e0c\u671b\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u81ea\u7531\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u70b9\u71c3\u66f4\u591a\u5e74\u8f7b\u5b66\u5b50\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u706b\u82b1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6c64\u8d85<\/span><\/section>\n
2022\u5e7412\u6708<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5168\u4e66\u76ee\u5f55<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u3000\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u6027 1<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5927\u81ea\u7136  3<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66 8<\/span><\/p>\n

\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f10<\/span><\/p>\n

\u707e\u53d8\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f  14<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5206\u5f62\u51e0\u4f55 21<\/span><\/p>\n

f \/1\u566a\u58f0\uff1a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u5f62  24<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5b9a\u5f8b  27<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5e42\u5f8b\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61  29<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5904\u4e8e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7684  30<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6df7\u6c8c\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u6027  33<\/span><\/p>\n

\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027  35<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u3000\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u73b0 37<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6d77\u6587  37<\/span><\/p>\n

f\/1\u566a\u58f0\u4ece\u4f55\u800c\u6765\uff1f41<\/span><\/p>\n

\u82cf\u73ca\u00b7\u79d1\u73c0\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u7684\u72d7\u6a21\u578b  42<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8026\u5408\u626d\u6446  45<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b80\u5355\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff1a\u201c\u7403\u5f62\u5976\u725b\u201d  46<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6446\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d8\u6210\u4e34\u754c\u7684  51<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u3000\u6c99\u5806\u6a21\u578b 56<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6c99\u5806\u6a21\u578b  59<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5047\u5982\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6c99\u5806\u4e16\u754c 67<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u7528\u7b14\u548c\u7eb8\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u5e42\u5f8b\u5417\uff1f72<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u3000\u5b9e\u9645\u6c99\u5806\u4e0e\u5730\u8c8c\u7684\u5f62\u6210 75<\/span><\/p>\n

\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6c99\u5806\u5b9e\u9a8c  76<\/span><\/p>\n

\u632a\u5a01\u7684\u7c73\u5806\u5b9e\u9a8c  80<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ef4\u5219\u514b\u7684\u5c71\u4f53\u6ed1\u5761\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff1a\u5206\u5f62\u73b0\u8c61\u51fa\u73b0 86<\/span><\/p>\n

\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u201c\u6c99\u5806\u201d  88<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5ca9\u6e23\u7684\u6c89\u79ef  89<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5730\u8c8c\u5b66\uff1a\u504f\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5730\u8868  92<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u3000\u5730\u9707\u3001\u661f\u9707\u53ca\u592a\u9633\u8000\u6591 97<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5730\u9707\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7  101<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u5904\u5370\u5237\u9519\u8bef\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u8fdb\u5c55  107<\/span><\/p>\n

\u65af\u7279\u9f99\u535a\u5229\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u9686\u9686\u58f0  111<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5730\u58f3\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u7684 113<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8109\u51b2\u661f\u9891\u7387\u7a81\u589e\u4e0e\u661f\u9707 114<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9ed1\u6d1e\u4e0e\u592a\u9633\u8000\u6591 116<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u3000\u201c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u201d\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u6027 120<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u3000\u751f\u547d\u662f\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u5417\uff1f129<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5723\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240 130<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6c99\u5806\u4e0e\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861 134<\/span><\/p>\n

\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7ea6\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u56fe\u50cf 135<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u3000\u7b80\u5355\u6f14\u5316\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u706d\u7edd\u4e0e\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861 147<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5bf9\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5efa\u6a21\u5417\uff1f150<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5468\u65e5\u4e0b\u5348\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bfe\u9898  153<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f4e\u6e29\u4ea7\u751f\u590d\u6742\u751f\u547d  164<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u771f\u5b9e\u6570\u636e\u6bd4\u8f83  165<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6050\u9f99\u706d\u7edd\u548c\u9668\u77f3  172<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e39\u8482\u00b7 \u67e5\u5c14\u6c83\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u6e38\u620f  174<\/span><\/p>\n

\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u4e0e\u76d6\u4e9a\u5047\u8bf4  175<\/span><\/p>\n

\u91cd\u65b0\u6765\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u5316  177<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3000\u95f4\u65ad\u5e73\u8861\u6a21\u578b\u7406\u8bba 182<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ec0\u4e48\u624d\u7b97\u7406\u8bba\uff1f182<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6f14\u5316\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u968f\u673a\u8fd1\u90bb\u5f62\u5f0f  184<\/span><\/p>\n

\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fc7\u7a0b 188<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e34\u754c\u6001  191<\/span><\/p>\n

\u91cd\u8bbf\u751f\u547d\u6e38\u620f 192<\/span><\/p>\n

\u91cd\u8bbf\u5730\u9707 193<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\u3000\u5927\u8111\u4e0e\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027 197<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5927\u8111\u5e94\u5f53\u662f\u4e34\u754c\u7684\uff1f198<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7334\u5b50\u95ee\u9898  200<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5927\u8111\u4e0e\u6cb3\u7f51  203<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u3000\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u4ea4\u901a\u963b\u585e 206<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5747\u8861\u7ecf\u6d4e\u50cf\u6c34  206<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b9e\u9645\u7ecf\u6d4e\u50cf\u6c99  209<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e34\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u6a21\u578b  211<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6ce2\u52a8\u548c\u707e\u96be\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d 215<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ea4\u901a\u963b\u585e  216<\/span><\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e 223<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u540d\u82f1\u6c49\u5bf9\u7167\u8868 230<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9644\u5f55\u3000\u6c64\u8d85\u81f4\u8bd1\u8005\u4fe1 238<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bd1\u540e\u8bb0 240<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\uff08\u76ee\u5f55\u53ef\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u8282\u9009\u81ea\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u300a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u300b\u3002<\/section>\n

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\u65b0\u4e66\u8bd5\u8bfb\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u6027<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
[\u4e39\u9ea6]\u5e15\u00b7\u5df4\u514b (Per Bak)<\/span> | \u4f5c\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u674e\u709c\u3001\u8521\u52d6<\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u65f6\u53ea\u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6f14\u53d8\u51fa\u751f\u547d\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u7684\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u867d\u7136\u5f88\u5c11\u88ab\u95ee\uff0c\u5374\u4e9f\u5f85\u56de\u7b54\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u4e0d\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u6c14\u4f53\u6216\u51dd\u805a\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u8c61\u4e60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e38\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u60f3\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u6ca1\u6709\u5bfb\u6c42\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5f88\u5c11\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4e86\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u592a\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u6d77\u6ee9\u4e0a\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u8ba9\u6c99\u7c92\u7f13\u7f13\u843d\u4e0b\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u5806\u6c99\u7684\u573a\u666f<\/span>\uff08\u56fe 1\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6c99\u5806\u662f\u5e73\u7684\uff0c\u6c99\u7c92\u505c\u7559\u5728\u843d\u4e0b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8d28<\/span>\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5806\u6c99\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u6c99\u5806\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9661\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u6c99\u7c92\u6cbf\u7740\u6c99\u5806\u6ed1\u52a8\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u6c99\u7c92\u7684\u6ed1\u52a8\u8ddd\u79bb\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c99\u7c92\u7684\u6ed1\u52a8\u751a\u81f3\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u6c99\u5806\u6216\u6c99\u5806\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdc\u79bb\u4e86\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u518d\u80fd\u7528\u5355\u4e2a\u6c99\u7c92\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u201c\u5d29\u584c\u81ea\u8eab\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u53ea\u6709\u4ece\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u6c99\u5806\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u63cf\u8ff0\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u6c99\u7c92\u7684\u7b80\u5316\u63cf\u8ff0\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u6c99\u5806\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1995 \u5e74 1 \u6708\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u6797\u5948\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u662f\u5723\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u65af\u56fe\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u8003\u592b\u66fc\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u662f\u300a\u6f14\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u300b<\/span>\uff08The Theory of Evolution<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u82cf\u585e\u514b\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u3002<\/span>\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u58f0\u79f0\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u89c9\u5f97\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u53e4\u767b\u5821-\u91cc\u514b\u7279\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u7ebd\u7ea6IBM \u6c83\u68ee\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u672c\u534e\u00b7\u66fc\u5fb7\u535a\u5728 1996 \u5e74\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8bc1\u5238\u3001\u68c9\u82b1\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u9ad8\u4f4e\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u9075\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5217\u7ef4\u5206\u5e03<\/strong>\u3002\u66fc\u5fb7\u535a\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u51e0\u5e74\u4e2d\u68c9\u82b1\u4ef7\u683c\u9010\u6708\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6708\u6ce2\u52a8\u5728 10% \u5230 20% \u4e4b\u95f4\u591a\u4e45\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c5% \u5230 10% \u4e4b\u95f4\u53c8\u662f\u591a\u4e45\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u753b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u6570\u56fe\u4e0a<\/span>\uff08\u56fe 3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7ea6\u7ff0\u65af\u987f\u548c\u7eb3\u74e6\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u6bcf\u79cd\u91cf\u7ea7\u7684\u5730\u9707\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u66fc\u5fb7\u535a\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u6ce2\u52a8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6708\u4efd\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u4ece\u5c0f\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u5230\u5927\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u5e73\u6ed1\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002\u4ef7\u683c\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5730\u9075\u4ece\u4e00\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e42\u5f8b\u3002\u4ef7\u683c\u6ce2\u52a8\u662f\u65e0\u6807\u5ea6\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u6ce2\u52a8\u6ca1\u6709\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5c3a\u5bf8\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5730\u9707\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe 3 \uff08a\uff0930 \u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u5185\u68c9\u82b1\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u6708\u6ce2\u52a8\uff08\u66fc\u5fb7\u535a\uff0c1963\uff09\u3002\uff08b\uff09\u66f2\u7ebf\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u6ce2\u52a8\u8d85\u8fc7\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u6708\u4efd\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u4ece\u5c0f\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u5230\u5927\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u5e73\u6ed1\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002\u76f4\u7ebf\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u5e42\u5f8b\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5546\u54c1\u9075\u5faa\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe 4 J. \u65af\u522b\u79d1\u65af\u57fa\u6240\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb 6 \u4ebf\u5e74\u95f4\u751f\u7269\u7684\u706d\u7edd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ed6\u82b1\u4e86\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u5316\u77f3\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u6536\u96c6\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u66f2\u7ebf\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5927\u7ea6 <\/span>400 \u4e07\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u5927\u81f4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u3002\uff08\u65af\u522b\u79d1\u65af\u57fa\uff0c<\/span>1993\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u707e\u53d8\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u4ee4\u4eba\u5403\u60ca\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u5747\u53d8\u8bba\uff0c\u6216\u79f0\u6e10\u53d8\u8bba\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u4e8e 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u5728\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u83b1\u4f0a\u5c14\u7684\u300a\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b<\/span>\uff08Principles of Geology<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u521d\u89c1\u7aef\u502a\u3002\u6839\u636e\u83b1\u4f0a\u5c14\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u523b\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u83b1\u4f0a\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5730\u8c8c\u662f\u7531\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8bfa\u4e9a\u6d2a\u6c34\u7684\u5927\u707e\u96be\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5730\u8868\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u7531\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u52a8\u8005\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u901d\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u83b1\u4f0a\u5c14\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u603b<\/span>\u662f\u8868\u793a\u4e3a\u5e73\u6ed1\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5e94\u5f53\u63cf\u8ff0\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u671f\u5f85\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u5e73\u6ed1\u7684\u548c\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u707e\u53d8\u8bba\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u53d8\u5316\u5927\u591a\u901a\u8fc7\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u707e\u53d8\u8bba\u5e26\u7740\u521b\u4e16\u8bba\u7684\u610f\u5473\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u906d\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u6781\u529b\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5927\u7684\u707e\u96be\u786e\u5b9e\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe 6 \uff08a\uff09\u632a\u5a01\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ebf\u793a\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u201c\u5206\u5f62\u7684\u201d\u9636\u68af\u4f3c\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5e26\u6709\u5ce1\u6e7e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5ce1\u6e7e\u4e2d\u53c8\u6709\u5ce1\u6e7e\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u66fc\u5fb7\u535a\u6307\u51fa\u5730\u8c8c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5206\u5f62\u7684\u3002\uff08\u8d39\u5fb7\uff0c1988\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe 6 \uff08b\uff09\u6d77\u5cb8\u7ebf\u7684\u957f\u5ea6L \u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7528\u76d2\u5b50\u4e08\u91cf\u6d77\u5cb8\u800c\u6d4b\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u7528\u76d2\u5b50\u5c31\u50cf\u56fe 6\uff08a\uff09 \u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u957f\u5ea6\u03b4 \u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u3002\u76f4\u7ebf\u8868\u660e\u6d77\u5cb8\u662f\u5206\u5f62\u7684\u3002\u76f4\u7ebf\u7684\u659c\u7387\u5c31\u662f\u632a\u5a01\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u201c\u5206\u5f62\u7ef4\u6570\u201d\uff0cD=1.52\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e00\u5ea7\u5c71\u8109\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c71\u9876\uff0c\u5176\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5398\u7c73\u5230\u5343\u7c73\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u5c71\u5cf0\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u4e91\u5f69\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5927\u7684\u4e91\u5f69\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u50cf\u662f\u7531\u5c0f\u7684\u4e91\u5f69\u5806\u79ef\u800c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u5305\u542b\u661f\u7cfb\u548c\u661f\u7cfb\u56e2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u661f\u7cfb\u56e2\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56e2\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5ce1\u6e7e\u3001\u5c71\u8109\u6216\u4e91\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u201d\u5c3a\u5bf8\u662f\u201c\u5408\u9002\u7684\u201d\u5c3a\u5bf8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u66fc\u5fb7\u535a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u884c\u661f\u7ed5\u592a\u9633\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u7740\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u725b\u987f\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u884c\u661f\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec<\/span>\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u5f62\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u666e\u9002\u5b9a\u5f8b\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u5206\u5f62\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4fe1\u53f7\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u6ce2\u5cf0\u7684\u53e0\u52a0\u3002\u5b83\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u50cf\u5c71\u8109\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5730\u8c8c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4fe1\u53f7\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b49\u4ef7\u5730\u770b\u4f5c\u6240\u6709\u9891\u7387\u7684\u5468\u671f\u6027\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u53e0\u52a0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u8868\u660e\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u7279\u5f81<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u632a\u5a01\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u5c0f\u5404\u5f02\u7684\u5ce1\u6e7e\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a 1\/f \u4fe1\u53f7\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u5404\u79cd\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u6ce2\u5cf0\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5206\u9891\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u6216\u201c\u529f<\/span>\u7387\u201d\u5728\u5c0f\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4e0a\u53cd\u800c\u8981\u5927\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u9891\u7387 <\/span>f <\/em>\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a 1\/f \u566a\u58f0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u79f0\u5b83\u4e3a\u201c\u566a\u58f0\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4fe1\u53f7\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u8bef\u5bfc\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u884c\u9a76\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u4ea4\u901a\u62e5\u6324\u7684\u516c\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u8f66\u901f\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u8d70\u8d70\u505c\u505c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u77ed\u4e0d\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u957f\u77ed\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u662f\u4ea4\u901a\u62e5\u6324\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6 J. \u8d6b\u65af\u7279<\/span>\u82b1\u4e86\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7814\u7a76\u5c3c\u7f57\u6cb3\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4fe1\u53f7\u4ecd\u7136\u662f 1\/f\uff0c\u540c<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u3001\u4e2d\u957f\u671f\u548c\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u90fd\u4e0d\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe 7 \uff08a\uff091887 \u5e74\u81f3 1967 \u5e74\u7684 80 \u5e74\u95f4\u4ece\u7c7b\u661f\u4f53\u4e0a\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u5149\u6ce2\uff08\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c1978\uff09\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u5feb\u7684\u3001\u6162\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u7b49\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8d77\u4f0f\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684<\/span>1\/f\u566a\u58f0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fe1\u53f7\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u6781\u5176\u666e\u904d\u3002\uff08<\/span>b\uff09<\/span>1865 \u5e74\u81f3 <\/span>2000 \u5e74\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6e29\u5ea6\u8ddf\u8e2a\uff08<\/span>NASA\uff09\u3002\uff08<\/span>c\uff09\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fbf\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u201d\u968f\u673a\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u767d\u566a\u58f0\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e5f\u663e\u793a\u5728\u56fe\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u6ca1\u6709\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u8d77\u4f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u7684\u6ce2\u5cf0\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe 7 \u8fd8\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u91cc\u5168\u7403\u5e73\u5747\u6c14\u6e29\u6ce2\u52a8\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bb0\u5f55\u91cc\uff0c\u6c14\u6e29\u589e\u52a0\u548c\u7c7b\u661f\u4f53\u5f3a\u5ea6\u51cf\u5f31\u5927\u81f4\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u7c7b\u661f\u4f53\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u6e29\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7406\u667a\u7684\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u8fd9\u6837\u8ba4\u4e3a\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u4e5f\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a 1\/f \u566a\u58f0\u3002\u6c14\u6e29\u7684\u660e\u663e\u589e\u52a0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u8d77\u4f0f\uff0c<\/span>\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5168\u7403\u53d8\u6696\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0cIBM \u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u6c83\u65af\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u97f3\u4e50\u4e0a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e5f\u6709 1\/f \u8c31<\/span>\uff08\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u529f\u7387\u8c31\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u529f\u7387\u6309\u7167\u9891\u7387\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u5206\u5e03\u3002<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e5f<\/span>\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u4f5c\u66f2\u6b63\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u6620\u81ea\u7136\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5728 1949 \u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u6700\u5c0f\u52aa\u529b\u539f\u5219\u300b<\/span>\uff08 Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u8fd9\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u91d1\u65af\u83b1\u00b7\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u6559\u6388\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u8d77\u6e90\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u3001\u632f\u594b\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u56fe 8\uff08a\uff09\u663e\u793a\u51fa<\/span>\uff08\u5927\u7ea6\u5728 1920 \u5e74\uff09<\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7 800 \u4e07\uff0c\u6709 10 \u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7 100 \u4e07\uff0c<\/span>\u6709 100 \u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7 20 \u4e07\u3002\u8be5\u66f2\u7ebf\u5728\u5bf9\u6570\u5750\u6807\u4e0a\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u5b83\u548c\u53e4\u767b\u5821-\u91cc\u514b\u7279\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5dee\u5f02\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u4f5c\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u56fe\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u4e5f\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5355\u8bcd\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5982\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u4e54\u4f0a\u65af\u7684\u300a\u5c24\u5229\u897f\u65af\u300b<\/span>\uff08Ulysses<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u4e00\u6279\u7f8e\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u5360\u7b2c 10 \u4f4d\u7684\u5355\u8bcd<\/span>\uff08\u6392\u4f4d\u4e3a 10 \u7684\u5355\u8bcd\uff09<\/span>\u51fa<\/span>\u73b0\u4e86 2653 \u6b21\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u5360\u7b2c 20 \u4f4d\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0 1311 \u6b21\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u5360\u7b2c 20000 \u4f4d\u7684\u5355\u8bcd\u53ea\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u56fe 8\uff08b\uff09\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u5355\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u5360\u7b2c 1 \u4f4d\u7684\u5355\u8bcdThe\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4e3a 9%\u3002\u5360\u7b2c 10 \u4f4d\u7684\u201cI\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4e3a 1%\u3002\u5360\u7b2c 100 \u4f4d\u7684\u201cSay\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u9891\u7387\u4e3a 0.1%\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u6761\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u76f4\u7ebf\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u62a5\u7eb8\u8fd8\u662f\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u300a\u5c24\u5229\u897f\u65af\u300b\u90fd\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u2014\u2014\u66f2\u7ebf\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u6570\u56fe\u4e0a\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4f4d\u6b21\u4e0e\u9891\u7387\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u3001\u659c\u7387\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a 1 \u7684\u76f4\u7ebf\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u5c31\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe 8 (a) \u6309\u5927\u5c0f\u5bf9 1920 \u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6392\u4f4d\uff08\u9f50\u666e\u592b\uff0c1949\uff09\u3002\u66f2\u7ebf\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u6570\u76ee\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4 , \u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u4f4d\u6b21\u6bd4\u4e0a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u6570\u3002(b) \u663e\u793a\u4e86\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u4f4d\u6b21\u3002\u66f2\u7ebf\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
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<\/span><\/section>\n
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<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
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<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

\u5e42\u5f8b\u4e0e\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

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<\/section>\n
N<\/em>(s<\/em>) = s<\/em>-\u03c4<\/sup><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cs <\/em>\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5730\u9707\u4e2d\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u800c N<\/em>(s<\/em>) \u5c31\u662f\u653e\u51fa\u90a3\u4e2a\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u5730\u9707\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u3002s <\/em>\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5ce1\u6e7e\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c N<\/em>(s<\/em>) \u5c31\u662f\u5177\u6709\u90a3\u79cd\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u5ce1\u6e7e\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u3002\u5206\u5f62\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u662f\u5e42\u5f8b\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5f0f\u4e24\u8fb9\u90fd\u53d6\u5bf9\u6570\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
logN<\/em>(s<\/em>) = -\u03c4 logs<\/em><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/em><\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u8868\u660elogN<\/em>(s<\/em>) \u548clogs <\/em>\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u56fe\u4e0a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u3002\u6307\u6570 \u03c4 <\/em>\u662f\u76f4\u7ebf\u7684\u659c\u7387\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u9f50\u666e\u592b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5c45\u6c11\u6570\u8d85\u8fc7 s <\/em>\u7684\u57ce<\/span>\u5e02\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u53ef\u8868\u793a\u4e3a<\/sub><\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u6307\u6570\u4e3a -1 \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e42\u5f8b\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u5c06\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5e42\u5f8b\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u6807\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u201c\u76f4\u7ebf\u5904\u5904\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u90fd\u4e00\u6837\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e2d\u770b\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u6807\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7279\u5f81\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u5ea6\u663e\u5f97\u5f88\u7279\u522b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5377\u66f2\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce2\u5cf0\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6781\u5c0f\u6216\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5ce1\u6e7e\u4f1a\u6bd4\u632a\u5a01\u7684\u5ce1\u6e7e\u5927\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u6c34\u5206\u5b50\u8fd8\u5c0f\u7684\u5ce1\u6e7e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u9650\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u5ce1\u6e7e\u3002\u5728\u66fc\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u7684\u7f8e\u5999\u7684\u300a\u5206\u5f62\u3001\u6df7\u6c8c\u3001\u5e42\u5f8b\uff1a\u6765\u81ea\u65e0\u7a77\u7684\u5929\u5802\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u300b<\/span>\uff08Fractals, Chaos, Power Laws: Minutes from an In\ufb01nite Paradise<\/em>\uff09<\/span>\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u5e42\u5f8b\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e0e\u8f89\u714c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u628a\u89e3\u91ca\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7279\u6027\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5e42\u5f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6307\u6570\u503c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9996\u5148\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u51e0\u79cd\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5904\u4e8e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0d\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7684<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

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\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u5806\u6c99\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c99\u5806\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u65ad\u7eed\u5e73\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u65ad\u6709\u6c99\u6ed1\u4e0b\uff0c\u7a33\u6001\u671f\u88ab\u6253\u65ad\u3002\u6c99\u7684\u4e0b\u6ed1\u6216<\/span>\u5d29\u584c\u662f\u7531\u591a\u7c73\u8bfa\u9aa8\u724c\u6548\u5e94\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5355\u4e2a\u7684\u6c99\u7c92\u63a8\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6c99\u7c92\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0b\u6ed1\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0b\u6ed1\u7684\u6c99\u7c92\u53c8\u8f6e\u6d41\u5730\u4ee5\u94fe\u5f0f\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6c99\u7c92\u76f8\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5927\u7684\u5d29\u584c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9010\u6e10\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u628a\u8d28\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u91cf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8fde\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4e86\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u7a81\u53d1\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u60c5\u666f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u5927\u7684\u707e\u96be\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u90a3\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5f03\u8be6\u5c3d\u7684\u957f\u671f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5c3d\u529b\u800c\u4e3a\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u707e\u96be\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u90bb\u90a6\u3002\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u548c\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u90fd\u9075\u4ece\u540c\u6837\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002<\/strong>\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u601d\u8003\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u80cc\u9053\u800c\u9a70\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u5bfb\u627e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u56e0<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u9897\u4e0b\u843d\u7684\u9668\u77f3\u5bfc\u81f4\u6050\u9f99\u7684\u706d\u7edd\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u707e\u96be\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5c0f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6bd4\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8981\u591a\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u5f88\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u5927\u7684\u3001\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u707e\u96be\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c <\/span><\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e39\u9ea6\uff09\u5e15\u00b7\u5df4\u514b \u8457, <\/span><\/p>\n

\u674e\u709c,\u8521\u52d6 \u8bd1 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e <\/span><\/p>\n

\u8d2d\u4e70\u94fe\u63a5\uff1ahttps:\/\/k.youshop10.com\/WFAHyljb<\/span>
<\/p>\n


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\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5e15\u00b7\u5df4\u514b\uff08Per Bak\uff0c1948-2002\uff09\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u804c\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6d77\u6587\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff08BNL\uff09\u3001\u4e39\u9ea6\u73bb\u5c14\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u548c\u4f26\u6566\u5e1d\u56fd\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8bd1\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u674e\u709c\uff0c\u534e\u4e2d\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d2a\u5821\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u9a6c\u514b\u65af-\u666e\u6717\u514b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b66\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u8521\u52d6\uff0c\u534e\u4e2d\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6973\u8ba1\u5212\u4e13\u5bb6\u54a8\u8be2\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u3002\u66fe\u4efb\u534e\u4e2d\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u526f\u6821\u957f\uff0c\u6e56\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\n

\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/section>\n
1. <\/strong>\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff1a\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5e42\u5f8b\u4e0e\u957f\u7a0b\u5173\u8054<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
2.<\/strong> \u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5267\u672c\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u80fd\u4ece\u590d\u6742\u9002\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
3. <\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong>\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff1a\u6700\u5927\u5316\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u539f\u7406\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0b\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
4.<\/strong> \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
5. <\/strong>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6c99\u5806\u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u4e0e\u6700\u5c0f\u4f5c\u7528\u91cf\u539f\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u767e\u79d1<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
6. <\/strong><\/strong><\/span>\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u53ef\u5fae\u5206\u7f16\u7a0b\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u5168\u65b0\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
7.<\/strong> \u9f99\u5e74\u5927\u8fd0\u8d77\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u6b63\u5f53\u65f6\uff01\u89e3\u9501\u96c6\u667a\u5168\u7ad9\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u65b0\u5e74\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba1\u5212<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
8. <\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/mp-style-type><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5bfc\u8bed 21\u4e16\u7eaa\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u4e39\u9ea6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e15\u00b7\u5df4\u514b\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c64\u8d85\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e34\u754c\u6027\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u8de8\u5c3a\u5ea6\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u9002\u800c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u673a\u5236\u4e0a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u521b\u65b0\u6027\u3001\u5b8f\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u7b80\u6d01\u6027\u5f15\u8d77\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u300a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u300b\u662f\u5e15\u00b7\u5df4\u514b\uff08Per Bak\uff09\u6559\u6388\u5173…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":50126,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"special":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50141"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=50141"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50141\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/50126"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=50141"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=50141"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=50141"},{"taxonomy":"special","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fspecial&post=50141"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}