{"id":51496,"date":"2024-07-16T17:40:30","date_gmt":"2024-07-16T09:40:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=51496"},"modified":"2024-07-16T17:40:30","modified_gmt":"2024-07-16T09:40:30","slug":"%e8%89%ba%e6%9c%af%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e7%a7%a9%e5%ba%8f%e4%b8%8e%e5%8f%98%e5%8c%96%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%bb%e5%8a%a8%e6%8e%a8%e7%90%86%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e8%a7%a3%e9%87%8a%e7%be%8e%e7%9a%84%e4%bd%93%e9%aa%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=51496","title":{"rendered":"\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0e\u53d8\u5316\uff1a\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u7f8e\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Sander Van de Cruys, Jacopo Frascaroli, Karl Friston<\/span> <\/span>| \u4f5c\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5f20\u4fca\u6770<\/span> <\/span>| \u8bd1\u8005<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


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\u8bba\u6587\u9898\u76ee\uff1aOrder and change in art: towards an active inference account of aesthetic experience<\/span><\/section>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u5730\u5740\uff1ahttps:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rstb.2022.0411<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n


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\u827a\u672f\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7f8e\u5316\u73b0\u5b9e\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u6ee1\u8db3\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u6240\u5e94\u9047\u89c1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9884\u671f\u3002\u7d27\u5f20<\/span>\uff08tension\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u9884\u671f\u7684\u8fdd\u80cc\u662f\u4f18\u79c0\u827a\u672f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u7f8e\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5c31\u6709\u6240\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u6240\u6fc0\u53d1\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u53d1\u73b0\u65f6\u523b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u65e2\u9700\u8981\u7d27\u5f20\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff08\u53d8\u5316\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5c01\u95ed\u6027\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff08\u79e9\u5e8f\uff09<\/strong>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u827a\u672f\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff1a\u5b83\u5145\u5f53\u7740\u81ea\u6211\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u518d\u6b21\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u591a\u53d8\u548c\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u65b0\u7684\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>\uff08\u6539\u53d8\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u62d3\u5bbd\u4e86\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u5e76<\/span>\uff08\u91cd\u65b0\uff09<\/span>\u805a\u7126\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u53d8\u9769\u6027\u7684\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u5851\u9020\u4e86<\/span>\uff08\u884c\u52a8\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u4f7f\u7528\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5<\/span>\uff08predictive processing\uff0cPP\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u79f0\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406<\/span>\uff08active inference\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u6765\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u9610\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u827a\u672f\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u521d\u6b65\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u7531\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6307\u4ee4\u6240\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u521a\u521a\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u542f\u8fea\u6211\u4eec\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u827a\u672f\u7684\u3001\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u76f8\u62b5\u89e6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u4f3c\u80a4\u6d45\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u80fd\u591f\u63ed\u793a\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u6700\u666e\u901a\u7684\u5230\u6700\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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2. \u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u6982\u51b5<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5728\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u8bae\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5148\u660e\u786e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u827a\u672f\u63d0\u4f9b\u6216\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u70c8\u548c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u975e\u827a\u672f\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u6765\u5f15\u53d1\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5728\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u7684\u89e6\u53d1\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\u201c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c<\/span>\uff08aesthetic experience\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u9610\u8ff0\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u7279\u6709\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u5448\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e9b\u8981\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u5f00\u5934\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u57fa\u4e8e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u6c99\u7ef4\u7f57<\/span>\uff08Shaviro\uff09<\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u6b32\u671b\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a\u201c\u6b32\u671b\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u5982\u4f55\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5e76\u91cd\u5851\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5982\u4f55\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u81ea\u6211\u5e76\u91cd\u5851\u81ea\u6211<\/strong>\u201d[1, p. 27]\u3002\u8fd9\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5411\uff1a\u6b32\u671b\u662f\u8ba9\u4e16\u754c\u9002\u5e94\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u800c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u8ba9\u5fc3\u7075\u9002\u5e94\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4f1a\u6293\u4f4f\u4f60\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u6293\u4f4f\u67d0\u6837\u4e1c\u897f<\/span>\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5b83\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u88ab\u611f\u52a8\u6216\u89e6\u52a8[2]\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u64cd\u7eb5\u8005\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u63a5\u53d7\u80fd\u529b\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u610f\u613f\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u8d85\u51fa\u4f60\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u8d85\u51fa\u4f60\u5f53\u524d\u7406\u89e3\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5f3a\u8c03\u9002\u5e94\u662f\u4ece\u4e16\u754c\u5230\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u65b9\u5411<\/span>\uff08\u91cd\u5851\u81ea\u6211\uff09<\/span>\u4e5f\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u3001\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u534f\u5546\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u613f\u91cd\u5851\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8ba9\u6b65\u5e76\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u5207<\/strong>\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4f53\u9a8c\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5ba1\u7f8e\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u548c\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6a21\u578b\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u63a8\u52a8\u5f97\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u63a8\u52a8\u8005\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5c31\u8d8a\u4e3a\u5f3a\u70c8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u7f8e\u5b66\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u667a\u7684\u91cd\u6784\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u5b66\u4e60[3,4]\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5373\u5c06\u770b\u5230\u7684\u201c\u5927\u8111<\/span>\uff08cerebral\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u675c\u5a01[5]\u662f\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5148\u9a71\uff09<\/span>\u6697\u793a\u7740\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u827a\u672f\u89c6\u4e3a\u63d0\u4f9b\u975e\u827a\u672f\u4e5f\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5448\u73b0\u4f53\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u51f8\u663e\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ac\u95f4\u6216\u5bf9\u9759\u6001\u4e8b\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u201c\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5373\u65f6\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5ba2\u4f53\u548c\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u52a8\u6001\u9700\u8981\u9610\u660e[2]\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u57fa\u7840\u51fa\u53d1\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u6001\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u6279\u5224[6]\u548c\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u300a\u827a\u672f\u5373\u4f53\u9a8c\u300b<\/span>\uff08Art as Experience<\/em>\uff09<\/span>[5]\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u6216\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u610f\u4e49\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u65e5\u5e38\u4f53\u9a8c\u548c\u6210\u719f\u7684\u3001\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5728\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u800c\u975e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u4e3a\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u56e0\u7d20\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1a\u79ef\u6781\u60c5\u7eea\u548c\u6d88\u6781\u60c5\u7eea[7]\u3001\u6df7\u4e71\u4e0e\u548c\u8c10\u3001\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0e\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5c01\u95ed\u611f\u548c\u5916\u5728\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8981\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u5355\u72ec\u6765\u770b\u90fd\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u5ba1\u7f8e\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>\u3002\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u89c2\u770b\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u4f53\u9a8c[8,9]\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4f60\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u3002\u6211\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5fc3\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4ef6\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e0d\u5c51\u4e00\u987e\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u5374\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u6781\u5176\u5438\u5f15\u6211\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5bf9\u5f15\u53d1\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u7279\u5f81\u63cf\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u523a\u6fc0\u5bfc\u5411\uff08stimulus-oriented\uff09\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1b[2,10]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u603b\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u3002\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5ba1\u7f8e\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6295\u5c04\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u7684<\/strong>\u3002\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cd\u65b0\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e0e\u89e6\u53d1\u5b83\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53d8\u5316<\/span>\uff08\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u540c\u4e00\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u65b0\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f53\u9a8c\u5c06\u662f\u7531\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u65b0\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u533a\u5206\u5c06\u67d0\u7269\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u5ba1\u7f8e\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u6807\u7b7e[2]\u548c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u6b21\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u6807\u8bb0\u6216\u5224\u65ad\u67d0\u7269\u4e3a\u201c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4e0a\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u201d\u6216\u201c\u66f4\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u201d\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u6216\u5224\u65ad\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u523b\u6211\u4eec\u4eab\u53d7\u4e86\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u7279\u6709\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u523a\u6fc0<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\uff09<\/span>\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u5386\u5373\u65f6\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e8b\u7269\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u6216\u5177\u6709\u5ba1\u7f8e\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8eab\u4e0a\u5524\u8d77\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u59cb\u4ecb\u7ecd\u795e\u7ecf\u8ba4\u77e5\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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3. \u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5<\/strong>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u3001\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9690\u542b\u5730\u751f\u6210\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6355\u83b7\u5176\u611f\u5b98\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u6d4b\u4e0e\u611f\u5b98\u6837\u672c\u4e4b\u95f4\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4e0d\u5339\u914d<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca1\uff09\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u66f4\u65b0\u548c\u9002\u5e94\u4ea7\u751f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\u7684\u5168\u9762\u4f46\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u89c1[11-13]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\u4e3a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u683c\u8a00\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u5728\u5931\u8d25<\/span>\uff08\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u7edd\u5bf9\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a[14,15]\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd1\u7aef\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u9690\u85cf\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u7269\u4f53\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7269\u4f53<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u201c\u4e91\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5206\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8f83\u4f4e\u7ea7\u533a\u57df\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f7f\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u80fd\u591f\u8de8\u8d8a\u7a7a\u95f4\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u5229\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u5e76\u9884\u6d4b\uff09<\/span>\u66f4\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e2d\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u9884\u6d4b\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5ba1\u7f8e\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u5ba1\u7f8e\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u59cb\u4e8e\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53c2\u4e0e\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u57fa\u4e8e\u60c5\u666f\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u6570\u636e\u4f1a\u9000\u5c45\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u800c\u8fdd\u53cd\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u6570\u636e<\/span>\uff08\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u9690\u85cf\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u80fd\u591f\u5438\u5f15\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u663e\u8457\uff09<\/span>\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u597d\u5947\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u63ed\u793a\u4e00\u5207\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6240\u7b3c\u7f69\uff0c\u6216\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u9884\u671f[16]\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53bb\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef\u53ca\u6027<\/span>\uff08epistemic affordance\uff09<\/span>[17]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4f46\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u6df7\u4e71\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6fc0\u53d1\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3<\/strong>\uff08\u60f3\u60f3\u7535\u89c6\u4e0a\u7684\u96ea\u82b1\u5c4f\u5e55\uff09\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u7684\u671f\u671b\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u53d6\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fdb\u5c55<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd1\u671f\u5173\u4e8e\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u7406\u8bba\u5c06\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u9884\u671f\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9884\u671f\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u5f97\u6216\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u5c55[18-20]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u6211\u4eec\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u627f\u8bfa<\/span>\uff08epistemic promise\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u77e5<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u79ef\u6781\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u5047\u8bbe[21,22]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u5b83\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u201c\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u201d[23]\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u6211\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca2\uff09<\/span>\uff1a\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5fc3\u7406<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u751f\u6210\u6027\u6216\u4e16\u754c\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u6a21\u578b\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u88ab\u7a81\u663e\u548c\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u5904\u7406\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\/\u5979\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u6355\u6349\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5b83<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u672a\u77e5\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65b0\u624b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u6bb5\u81ea\u7531\u7235\u58eb\u4e50\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d70\u795e\u6216\u7ed3\u675f\u4f53\u9a8c\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7235\u58eb\u4e50\u7231\u597d\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u5374\u662f\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027<\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e9b\u786e\u4fdd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u51cf\u5c11\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u901f\u7387\u7684\u654f\u611f\u6027[24,25]\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5143\u671f\u671b<\/span>\uff08meta-expectation\uff09<\/span>\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u6211\u4eec\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u9884\u6d4b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5fc3\u7406\u529f\u80fd\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u73af\u5883\u6216\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u51cf\u5c11\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u901f\u7387\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8861\u91cf\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u6295\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u8d44\u6e90[26]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u671f\u671b\uff1f\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u6240\u6709\u671f\u671b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u5386\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u6216\u6d3b\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u6f14\u594f\u4e50\u5668\u3001\u6b23\u8d4f\u827a\u672f\u6216\u9047\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u4f53\u9a8c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u51b2\u52a8[17]\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u6216\u9884\u671f\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u53d6\u662f\u8ba1\u5212\u6027\u6216\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81[13]\uff0c\u91cf\u5316\u4e86\u641c\u5bfb\u611f\u5b98\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u611f\u5b98\u6570\u636e\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u51b5\u6216\u523a\u6fc0<\/span>\uff08\u9690\u85cf\u539f\u56e0\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u8bca\u65ad\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u663e\u8457\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u8ba4\u77e5\u89c5\u98df\u201d<\/span>\uff08epistemic foraging\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u773c\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u5230\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u641c\u7d22<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca3\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8f83\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u5373\u65f6\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u65e8\u5728\u63ed\u793a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u672a\u6765\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ff7\u8def\u7684\u4eba\u60f3\u8981\u56de\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5148\u53bb\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5730\u6807\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u6807\u79bb\u5bb6\u66f4\u8fdc<\/span>\uff08\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u4eba\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u56de\u5bb6[18]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u6982\u7387\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u591a\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bfb\u6c42\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8c03\u6574\u5f97\u5f53\uff0c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u88ab\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6301\u7eed\u91c7\u6837\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee<\/span>\uff08\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff09<\/span>\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u770b\u4f3c\u53ef\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u611f\u89c9\u5f88\u826f\u597d<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u89c1Ruan\u7b49\u4eba[28]\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u6109\u60a6\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u884c\u52a8\uff09<\/span>\u90fd\u5047\u5b9a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u516c\u56ed\u91cc\u6563\u6b65\u8fd9\u6837\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e5f\u662f\u7531\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u2014\u2014\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9884\u671f\u884c\u52a8\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u540e\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u6709\u5173\u5c06\u884c\u52a8\u89c6\u4e3a\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u89c1[29]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u4f55\u79cd\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89e3\u51b3\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u79ef\u6781\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u518d\u6b21\u6c42\u52a9\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89e3\u51b3\u901f\u7387\u7684\u5143\u671f\u671b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u611f\u89c9\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u7684\u9884\u671f\u901f\u7387\u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u5219\u5b9e\u9645\u901f\u7387\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u540e\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4ee5\u6bd4\u9884\u671f\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u901f\u7387\u51cf\u5c11\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u60c5\u611f\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7[25,30-34]\u3002\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u611f\u53d7<\/span>\uff08epistemic feeling\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u554a\u54c8\u4f53\u9a8c<\/span>\uff08Aha Erlebnis\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u201c\u987f\u609f\u201d\u3002\u5728\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u5df2\u4e0e\u591a\u5df4\u80fa\u653e\u7535<\/span>\uff08\u4e0e\u5956\u52b1\u5904\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\uff09<\/span>\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765 [18]\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u4ee5\u201c\u60c5\u611f\u8d1f\u8377\u201d<\/span>\uff08affective charge\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u89e3\u91ca[33]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e4b\u524d\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u50f5\u5c40\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u7406\u89e3\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u5883\u6216\u89e3\u51b3\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f15\u53d1\u987f\u609f\u7684\u201c\u8c1c\u9898\u201d\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u901a\u5e38\u8db3\u591f\u7b80\u5355<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u7a46\u5c3c\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u8054\u60f3\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e38\u7528\u8bcd\uff0c\u6216\u4e5d\u70b9\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u7684\u4e5d\u4e2a\u70b9\uff1b\u53c2\u89c1\u56fe1\u4e2d\u7684\u793a\u4f8b[35-37]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u53bb\u53c2\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u8bfa\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u6536\u96c6\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u89c9\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5c31\u5728\u773c\u524d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe1. \u901a\u5e38\u7528\u6765\u8bf1\u53d1\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8c1c\u9898\u3002(a)\u7a46\u5c3c\u6216\u53cc\u8272\u8c03\u56fe\u50cf\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u6216\u6e90\u56fe\u50cf\u5728\u4e0b\u65b9\u3002(b)\u4e5d\u70b9\u95ee\u9898[35]\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u5728\u4e0b\u65b9\u3002\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u4e0d\u628a\u7b14\u4ece\u7eb8\u4e0a\u62ff\u5f00\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u56db\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u628a\u4e5d\u4e2a\u70b9\u8fde\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u8fc7\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u80fd\u591f\u51cf\u5c11\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u901f\u7387\u7684\u5143\u671f\u671b\u5c06\u4f1a\u88ab\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u7a81\u7136\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u5bfc\u5411\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff09<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u6bd4\u9884\u671f\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u79cd\u6109\u60a6\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u611f\u3002Dubey\u7b49\u4eba[38]\u786e\u5b9e\u53d1\u73b0\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6bd4\u9884\u671f\u66f4\u5feb\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u8c1c\u9898<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5143\u8ba4\u77e5\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\uff09<\/span>\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u4ece\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u6d1e\u5bdf<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u7a46\u5c3c\u56fe\u50cf\uff09<\/span>\u5230\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u6781\u96be\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u5f15\u53d1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e3b\u89c2\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\u91cd\u6784\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u6216\u89c4\u5f8b\u6027\u3002\u5c31\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u9009\u62e9\u6700\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u611f\u89c9\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u4e14\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u5c06\u65e2\u80fd\u5f88\u597d\u53c8\u80fd\u7b80\u6d01\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u611f\u89c9\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca4\uff09<\/span>\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6216\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ea6\u7684\u610f\u5916\u8dc3\u5347\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0e\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ea6<\/span>\u8bc4\u7ea7\u4e2d\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u6837[39]\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5e38\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u5e76\u81ea\u52a8\u5316\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u9690\u542b\u884c\u52a8\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\u201c\u4e60\u60ef\u201d\u3002\u4f60\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u5df1<\/span>\uff08\u91cd\u65b0\uff09<\/span>\u6784\u5efa\u523a\u6fc0\u6216\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u611f\u89c9\u66f4\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u5e76<\/span>\uff08\u8bbd\u523a\u5730\uff09<\/span>\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u4f60\uff1a\u4f60\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u628a\u63e1\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u52a0\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u66f4\u201c\u89e6\u624b\u53ef\u53ca\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u89c1[40]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u201c\u5ffd\u7565\u201d\u7a46\u5c3c\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5728Metzinger\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u53d8\u5f97\u6e05\u6670\u900f\u660e[41]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u4e3b\u53d1\u73b0\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u65f6\u66f4\u4e3a\u5f3a\u70c8\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u522b\u4eba\u544a\u77e5\u3002\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u52a8\u6027<\/span>\uff08epistemic agency\uff09<\/span>\u6d89\u53ca\u57fa\u4e8e\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u611f\u77e5\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5bf9\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u8fdb\u884c\u8fed\u4ee3\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u653e\u5f03<\/span>\uff08\u964d\u4f4e\u6743\u91cd\uff09<\/span>\u81ea\u5df1\u5148\u524d\u5bf9\u611f\u89c9\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5148\u5165\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u3001\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6027\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u6fc0\u6d3b\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u89e3\u91ca\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6765\u652f\u6301\u5176\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5047\u8bbe\u5e76\u9644\u52a0\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u89c4\u5219\u6216\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5bf9\u90e8\u5206\u611f\u77e5\u7ebf\u7d22\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u610f\u4e49\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u800c\u975e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e38\u5e38\u963b\u788d\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u3001\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u652f\u6301\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff1a\u5728\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u79d1\u5b66\u7684[42]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56de\u5230\u827a\u672f\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u770b\u51fa\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u9020\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u7684\u673a\u4f1a<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u8fd9\u4e9b\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u2014\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u2014\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u5faa\u73af\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u6b23\u8d4f\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u5bfc\u81f4\u6211\u4eec\u7ec8\u6b62\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6211\u4eec\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u52a8\u6001<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u9884\u671f\u5feb\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u5feb\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6216\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5176\u5706\u6ee1\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u610f\u4e49\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u827a\u672f\u4ea7\u751f\u6109\u60a6\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4ef6\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u63a5\u8fd1\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4ef6\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e3a\u8be5\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u9610\u660e\u675c\u5a01\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u5373\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u589e\u5f3a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5448\u73b0\u4e86\u4f53\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe3. (a) \u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u9a6c\u5948\uff08\u00c9douard Manet\uff09\u7684\u300a\u82a6\u7b0b\u300b\u3002(b) \u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u52c3\u9c81\u76d6\u5c14\uff08Pieter Bruegel de Oude\uff09\u7684\u300a\u8377\u5170\u8c1a\u8bed\u300b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u5e45\u753b\u90fd\u5141\u8bb8\u6709\u89e3\u8c1c\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f97\u51fa\u660e\u786e\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u611f\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\uff08\u9a6c\u5948\uff1a\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u5c42\u9762\uff08\u52c3\u9c81\u76d6\u5c14\uff1a\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u8c1a\u8bed\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u8377\u5170\u8bed\u548c\u70f9\u996a\u7684\u719f\u6089\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff09\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u6b23\u8d4f\u753b\u4f5c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u9a6c\u5948\u901a\u8fc7\u8fdd\u53cd\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u5206\u7ec4\uff08\u7269\u4f53\u4e0e\u80cc\u666f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff09\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u52c3\u9c81\u76d6\u5c14\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u62e5\u6324\u7684\u753b\u9762\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8c1a\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u5b57\u9762\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u8352\u8c2c\u6027\uff08\u8fdd\u53cd\u671f\u671b\uff09\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u65e2\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u52fe\u52d2\u51fa\u4e86\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5c1d\u8bd5\u89e3\u51b3\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5b83\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5173\u6ce8\u8ba4\u77e5\u95ed\u5408\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\uff08a\uff09\u8fc7\u5206\u504f\u5411\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u9762\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n


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\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u8fc7\u4e8e\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u5b83\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u611f\u89c9\u8f93\u5165\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u9690\u542b\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3\u201d\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u201d\u6216\u5bfb\u6c42\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u80fd\u591f\u6fc0\u53d1\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u4f53\u9a8c\u76f8\u53bb\u751a\u8fdc<\/span>\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u7f8e\u5b66\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u89c1[49,50]\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u548c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u8f6c\u8ff0\u8bd7\u4eba\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u74e6\u83b1\u91cc<\/span>\uff08Paul Val\u00e9ry\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u7269\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5728\u521b\u9020\u672a\u6765\u3002\u8981\u521b\u9020\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u4f53\u73b0\u5176\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u2014\u2014\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\u5c06\u8ba4\u77e5\u52a8\u529b\u5b66<\/span>\uff08epistemic dynamics\uff09<\/span>\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u62b5\u6297\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5206\u6563<\/span>\uff08thermodynamic dispersion\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7406\u89e3\u5230\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\uff09<\/span>\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u603b\u662f\u53ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u9a71\u52a8\u603b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff1a\u6700\u5927\u5316\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bc1\u636e[51]\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u88ab\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u8bfa\u74e6\u5229\u65af<\/span>\uff08Novalis\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u683c\u8a00\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u201d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u7ed3\u8bba\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8bba\u8fd0\u52a8[52]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u547d\u5b58\u5728\u800c\u8c03\u8c10\u548c\u521b\u9020\u7684\u7ed3\u6784<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09<\/span>\u662f\u591a\u6837\u4e14\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u8303\u56f4\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u611f\u77e5\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u5230\u8868\u5f81\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u8eab\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u5982\u4f55\u5851\u9020\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u611f\u53d7\u6a21\u5f0f[53,54]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u544a\u8bc9\u81ea\u5df1\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u6211\u4eec\u671f\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u671f\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5904\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\uff09<\/span>\u73af\u5883\u3002\u6b63\u5982Ramstead\u7b49\u4eba[55,\u7b2c233\u9875]\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u2018\u6839\u636e\u6211\u662f\u54ea\u79cd\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u2019\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u201d\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba<\/span>\uff08\u8868\u5f81\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u548c\u613f\u671b\u6027\u7684\u624b\u6bb5[56]\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u534f\u5546\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u589e\u51cf\u4e5f\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c42\u7ea7\u6a21\u578b\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5c42\u7ea7\u6a21\u578b\u5173\u6ce8\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u611f\u53d7\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u52a8\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u4e0a\u6d89\u53ca\u81ea\u6211\u53ca\u5176\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7279\u5b9a\u5185\u611f\u53d7\u548c\u5916\u611f\u53d7\u72b6\u6001\u7ec4\u5408\u7684\u611f\u89c9[57-60]\u3002\u611f\u53d7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u5148\u9a8c<\/span>\uff08empirical priors\uff09<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca6\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u4e60\u5f97\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u6548\u5730\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u591a\u6a21\u6001\u611f\u89c9\u6d41\u7684\u5e38\u89c4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u6d41[57]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u63a8\u65ad\u6216\u6784\u5efa\u800c\u975e\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e00\u81f4[58,59]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u611f\u53d7\u201d\u9884\u6d4b\u968f\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u7684\u65b0\u60c5\u51b5<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u5fc3\u7406\u7406\u8bba\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u63a8\u65ad\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u827a\u672f\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u65e0\u751f\u547d\u4ea7\u7269<\/span>\uff08\u8868\u8fbe\uff09<\/span>\u80cc\u540e\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6109\u60a6\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u4f5c\u4e3a\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u4ee3\u7406\u201d\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u8c03\u8c10\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\uff08b\uff09\u5bf9\u95ed\u5408\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8ff7\u604b?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u95ee\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u2014\u2014\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u548c\u8c10\u3001\u5dee\u5f02\u6216\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u2014\u2014\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3 [67,68]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\u5c24\u5176\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4ee5\u4e0d\u548c\u8c10\u548c\u98a0\u8986\u6765\u6311\u6218\u611f\u77e5\u8005<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982Kesner[69]\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86Dominik Lang\u7684\u300a\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u300b\uff08EastWest<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u4f5c\u54c1\u4ec5\u7531\u201c\u7eb8\u677f\u5899\u4e0a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d1e\u201d\u7ec4\u6210\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u7ecf\u5e38\u906d\u5230\uff08\u6f5c\u5728\uff09\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u632b\u8d25\u611f\u6216\u65e0\u804a\u3002\u632b\u8d25\u611f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u83b7\u53d6\u9690\u85cf\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27<\/span>\uff08\u5bfb\u6c42\u989d\u5916\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u6bd4\u9884\u671f\u7684\u6216\u4e60\u60ef\u7684\u8981\u957f\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u672a\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4f5c\u54c1\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4f5c\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\u6784\u6210\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u503c\u5f97\u53bb\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u53ef\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u5143\u671f\u671b\u5f88\u4f4e\u3002\u611f\u5230\u65e0\u804a\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u89c2\u4f17\u575a\u4fe1\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u518d\u65e0\u66f4\u591a\u6df1\u610f\u53ef\u5bfb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u6240\u6df1\u610f\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u6765\u4e5f\u5f97\u6295\u5165\u8fdc\u8d85\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u521b\u4f5c\u65f6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca7\uff09<\/span>\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u7834\u574f<\/span>\uff08\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c9f\u901a\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5e73\u8861\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fe1\u4efb\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u5bf9\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u53ef\u9760\u51cf\u5c0f\u7684\u9884\u671f\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\uff0c\u6211\u671f\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4e25\u683c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u7531\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u523b\u610f\u7f6e\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u76f8\u4fe1\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u8574\u542b\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u6df1\u610f\u4f1a\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a2\u7d22<\/span>\uff08\u987a\u4fbf\u8bf4\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u751f\u6210\u7684\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u533a\u522b\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u201c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u5c31\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u8fc7\u5f80\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u4e0e\u76f8\u4f3c\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u521a\u521a\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u4ecd\u7136\u671f\u5f85\u80fd\u591f\u51cf\u5c11\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u89c2\u4f17\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u89c2\u8d4f\u8005\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u8fbe\u5230\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u201c\u53ef\u51cf\u5c11\u72b6\u6001<\/span>\uff08regime of reducibility\uff09<\/span>\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4ef6\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u62b5\u6297\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u201d\u52aa\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u201c\u5143\u201d\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7684\u9648\u8ff0<\/span>\uff08\u4f5c\u54c1\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u751f\u6210\u7406\u5ff5\uff09<\/span>\u6b63\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u5f15\u9886\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u5230\u53ef\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u786e\u5b9e\u975e\u5e38\u5584\u4e8e\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u627e\u5bfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u5931\u8d25\u4e4b\u5904\u53d1\u73b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u827a\u672f\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u6784\u5efa\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5047\u8bbe[71,72]\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u524d\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d89\u53ca\u73b0\u5b9e\u6216\u60f3\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1<\/span>\uff08\u8eab\u4f53\uff09<\/span>\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u660e\u663e\u7684\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u201d\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\u53d8\u5f62\u7684\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe4\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u53d8\u5f62\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u7684\u89d2\u50cf\u662f\u878d\u5316\u4e86\u6216\u88ab\u54ac\u6389\uff1b\u53c2\u89c1[73]\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u63a8\u65ad\u5e76\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u611f\u5b98\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5386\u53f2<\/span>\uff08\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b\uff09<\/span>[74,75]\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u201d\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u627f\u62c5\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u98ce\u9669<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u83b7\u5730\u7ed3\u675f\u4f53\u9a8c\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u53d6\u5f97\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u5916<\/span>\uff08\u5192\u9669\u6027\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u9884\u6d4b\u8fdb\u5c55\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6109\u60a6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe4. \u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u7acb\u5373\u770b\u5230\u5f62\u72b6\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff08\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5386\u53f2\uff09\u3002\u6539\u7f16\u81eaPinna[73]\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c42\u6b21\u5316\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u95ed\u5408\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u5e26\u6765\u5f00\u653e\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5e45\u753b\u4e2d\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u7269\u4f53\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5173\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7591\u95ee\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5b58\u5728\u95ed\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u786e\u5b9a\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u7531\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u521b\u9020\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u95ed\u5408\u3002\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u827a\u672f\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5177\u4f53\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5141\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\uff0c\u591a\u4e2a\u4e3b\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u8ba4\u77e5\uff09<\/span>\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5373\u65f6\u7684\u95ed\u5408\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u8d70\u5411\u95ed\u5408\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u611f\uff0c\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u575a\u6301\u201c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u7acb\u573a\u5c31\u4f1a\u5ffd\u7565\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4f1a\u672c\u80fd\u5730\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u826f\u597d\u7684\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6765\u6e90<\/span>\uff08supply of structural indeterminacy\uff09<\/span>\u201d[76]\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001\u610f\u5473\u7740\u63a8\u7406\u65c5\u7a0b\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u6109\u60a6\u548c\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u7ed3\u675f<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u56fe5\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u548c\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8270\u96be\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u9884\u6d4b\u8fdb\u5c55\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe5\u3002(a) \u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u514b\u5229\uff08Paul Klee\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u5f84\u300b\uff08Zwei G\u00e4nge\uff09\u3002(b) \u9a6c\u683c\u91cc\u7279\uff08Magritte\uff09\u7684\u300a\u96f7\u5361\u7c73\u57c3\u592b\u4eba\u300b\uff08Perspective: Madame R\u00e9camier de David\uff09\u3002\u514b\u5229\u548c\u9a6c\u683c\u91cc\u7279\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u6682\u65f6\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u4e0d\u534f\u8c03\u6027\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u5728\u611f\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u514b\u5229\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u6027\u7684\u3001\u591a\u7a33\u6001\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u4e2d\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u5e76\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u773c\u775b\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u6240\u8868\u660e\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u773c\u775b\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u6240\u6709\u70b9\u4e0a\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u770b\u5230\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u5c0f\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u8868\u9762\u3002\u773c\u775b\u5fc5\u987b\u2018\u63a0\u8fc7\u2019\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u63a5\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u6e05\u6670\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u50a8\u5b58\u5370\u8c61\u7684\u5927\u8111\u201d[77, \u7b2c33\u9875]\u3002\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u9a6c\u683c\u5229\u7279\u901a\u8fc7\u753b\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8eba\u6905\u4e0a\u7684\u68fa\u6750\u8fd9\u4e00\u5947\u5f02\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u63a8\u7406\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e4b\u524d\u5bf9\u5927\u536b\u539f\u4f5c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u9a6c\u683c\u5229\u7279\u5176\u4ed6\u300a\u900f\u89c6\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u63a2\u7d22\uff1a\u8fd9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u9192\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u5417\uff1f\u5b83\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u7ed8\u753b\u98ce\u683c\u6216\u7ed8\u753b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u59d4\u6258\u6b64\u7c7b\u8096\u50cf\u753b\u7684\u4e0a\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u77ed\u6682\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5e7d\u9ed8\u89e3\u6784\u5417\uff1f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u80fd\u591f\u5f7b\u5e95\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u800c\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u4e5f\u662f\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\uff09\u3002\uff08\u5728\u7ebf\u7248\u672c\u4e3a\u5f69\u8272\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n


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\u6211\u4eec\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u201c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u53ef\u80fd\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u4e8e\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u79fb\u9664\u6216\u201c\u6574\u7406\u201d\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u4e0d\u5b88\u89c4\u77e9\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b83\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u6574\u4f53\u8c61\u5f81\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u6216\u4e0d\u548c\u8c10\u6b63\u662f\u65b0\u6a21\u5f0f\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u6765\u6e90[48]\u3002\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u201c\u6709\u65b0\u95fb\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5bfb\u6c42\u89e3\u91ca\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5b66\u4e60<\/span>\uff08\u4fe1\u5ff5\u66f4\u65b0\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u518d\u719f\u6089[78]\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6709\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6536\u76ca\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6700\u591a\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u7b49\u5f85\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u8bef\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u8bc1\u660e\u201d<\/span>\uff08self-evidencing\uff09<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u51b3\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u52aa\u529b\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\uff09<\/span>\u7b26\u5408\u4e00\u4e2a\u9759\u6001\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u7684\u201c\u6d1e\u5bdf\u201d\u9636\u6bb5\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u91cd\u6784\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u76f8\u534f\u8c03\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u8bc1\u660e\u53ea\u662f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6700\u5927\u5316\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u62bd\u53d6\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u8fb9\u9645\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u628a\u63e1\u4f4f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u827a\u672f<\/span>\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u6240\u6709\u6587\u5316\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u751f\u6001\u4f4d\u6784\u5efa\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8f6c\u6298\u662f\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u3001\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u548c\u8bd7\u4eba\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u989d\u5916\u7684\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u91cd\u6784\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u77e5\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4ee5\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u4e5d\u70b9\u201c\u987f\u609f\u201d\u8c1c\u9898<\/span>\uff08\u56fe1\uff09<\/span>\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u4e0d\u5c06\u7b14\u4ece\u7eb8\u4e0a\u62ff\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u56db\u6761\u76f4\u7ebf\u8fde\u63a5\u4e5d\u4e2a\u70b9[35]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u8bc6\u522b\u5e76\u653e\u5f03\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u624d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0[70]\u3002\u5728\u6323\u624e\u6216\u50f5\u5c40\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u5047\u8bbe<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u964d\u4f4e\u6211\u4eec\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u83b7\u5f97\u89e3\u91ca\u73b0\u6709\u6216\u672a\u6765\u6570\u636e\u7684\u80fd\u529b<\/span>\uff08\u627e\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6bd4\u9884\u671f\u66f4\u5feb\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89e3\u51b3<\/span>\uff08\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u89e3\u8c1c\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7d27\u5f20\u4e0e\u91ca\u7136\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5173\u4e4e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5076\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5b9a\u4e49\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u611f\u5b98\u6a21\u5f0f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u627e\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u80fd\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u6216\u66f4\u5168\u9762\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6355\u6349\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u73af\u5883\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u62b5\u6297\u60c5\u7eea<\/span>\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u7684\u6392\u65a5\u6216\u56de\u907f\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7531\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6fc0\u53d1\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u76f8\u5173\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/span>\uff08\u4e4b\u524d\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u601d\u60f3\u6216\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u80fd\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5229\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u542f\u52a8\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u81ea\u6211\u8f6c\u53d8[79]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u641c\u5bfb\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u6709\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u79f0\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u987f\u609f\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u51b3\u7b56\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0[88]\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u8ba4\u77e5\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5c06\u8fc5\u901f\u51cf\u5c11<\/span>\uff08\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u9884\u671f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u51cf\u5c11\u7387\uff1b\u53e6\u89c1[3]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u8ba4\u77e5\uff09<\/span>\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5373\u5c06\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e0a\u7684\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u589e\u5f3a\u6548\u679c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u987f\u609f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u5883\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2a\u4f53\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u4e0e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5171\u5b58\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6025\u4e8e\u5bfb\u6c42\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u957f\u3002\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u5c31\u662f\u827a\u672f\u5982\u4f55\u9010\u6b65\u62d3\u5c55\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u514b\u670d\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u9010\u6b65\u589e\u52a0\u8ba4\u77e5\u6295\u5165\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u6e38\u620f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u901a\u8fc7\u7d27\u5f20\u2014\u7f13\u89e3\u5faa\u73af\u5efa\u7acb\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u673a\u5236[89]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u77ed\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u8303\u4f8b\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u56e0<\/span>\uff08meme\uff09<\/span>\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca9\uff09<\/span>\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u56e0\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u6613\u4e8e\u514b\u670d\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0d\u6d41\u7545\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u4e0e\u7f13\u89e3\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u80fd\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u771f\u5b9e\u6216\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u56e0\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u987f\u609f\u201d\u540c\u6837\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u91cd\u6784\u6216\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u9700\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6311\u6218\u6781\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e14\u91cd\u6784\u5f80\u5f80\u6d6e\u73b0\u81ea\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5df2\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5<\/span>\uff08\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6700\u521d\u5e76\u672a\u88ab\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u56e0\u7684\u201c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u201d\u6fc0\u6d3b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u5e26\u6765\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u56e0\u5f0f\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u56e0\u5176\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u6e34\u671b\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684\u6210\u529f\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u5e38\u6001\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6216\u8bb8<\/span>\uff08\u5728\u5143\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff09<\/span>\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u671f\u5f85\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u6295\u5165\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u56de\u62a5\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdc\u79bb\u4efb\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u957f\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u827a\u672f\u4e3a\u8bf8\u5982\u5ef6\u540e\u5224\u65ad\u3001\u7ec6\u81f4\u5165\u5fae\u4e14\u5ba1\u614e\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u7b49\u4eba\u6587\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u6982\u662f\u5728\u8ba4\u53ef\u827a\u672f\u8bad\u7ec3\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8fc7\u65e9\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c01\u95ed\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e2d\u653e\u677e\uff0c\u5e76\u6301\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba4\u77e5\u63a2\u7d22\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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6. \u81ea\u7531\u5411\u524d<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u4e5d\u70b9\u8fde\u7ebf\u8c1c\u9898\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7565\u663e\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f00\u542f\u5305\u542b\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5fc5\u987b\u727a\u7272\u89e3\u6cd5\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u7f8e\u611f\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u70c8\u800c\u9690\u542b\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u753b\u7ebf\u6761\u5c06\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u70b9\u9635\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u5185\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u6253\u7834\u8fd9\u4e00\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7f8e\u5b66\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\u901a\u5f80\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u81ea\u7531\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u7115\u53d1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f8b\u8bc1\u5265\u79bb\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u6027\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u5e2d\u52d2\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u5c31\u4ee5\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u4f46\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7f8e\u4e3d\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u9075\u5faa\u65e2\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u8bbe\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219[6]\uff1b\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u90e8\u89c4\u5f8b\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e00\u5b9a\u81ea\u7531<\/strong><\/span>\uff08\u201c\u7f8e\u662f\u5916\u8868\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u5e2d\u52d2\u5982\u6b64\u8bf4[90, \u7b2c152\u9875]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fdb\u800c\u5524\u9192\u4e86\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5176\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6e38\u620f\u201d\u7684\u72b6\u6001[6]\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5f15\u53d1\u5176\u610f\u5fd7\u5f00\u653e\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u6e38\u620f\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7279\u5f81\uff09<\/span>[91]\u3002\u5e2d\u52d2\u751a\u81f3\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u7f8e\uff0c\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u8d70\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u201d[91, \u7b2c90\u9875]\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u548c\u5e2d\u52d2\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u4ecd\u7136\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5f53\u4ee3\u7f8e\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3001\u65e0\u5229\u5bb3\u6027\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u5173\u952e\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb[48,92,93]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u826f\u597d\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5e94\u5f53\u626e\u6f14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u5728\u5c55\u671b\u672a\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u786e\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u884c\u52a8<\/span>\uff08\u7b56\u7565\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u51cf\u5c11\u6b64\u65f6\u6b64\u5730\u9047\u5230\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u8303\u56f4<\/span>\uff08\u8fd9\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u89c4\u5212\u5373\u63a8\u7406[13,94,95]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u5f20\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u9009\u62e9\u90a3\u4e9b\u9884\u671f\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u6216\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/span>\uff08\u6ce8\u91ca10\uff09<\/span>\u4e0d\u6df1\u5165\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u9884\u671f\u81ea\u7531\u80fd<\/span>\uff08expected free energy\uff09<\/span>\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u6784\u60f3\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u5426\u662f\u6211\u89e3\u51b3\u5173\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1f\u5b9e\u7528\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u5426\u662f\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u5148\u9a8c\u504f\u597d\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1f[13,18,99]\u3002\u6839\u636e\u9884\u671f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u5e8f\u5217\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u5206\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u63a2\u7d22<\/span>\uff08\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ef7\u503c\u6216\u9884\u671f\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u53d6\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5229\u7528<\/span>\uff08\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u6216\u9884\u671f\u6548\u7528\uff1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u3001\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u90a3\u4e9b\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ef7\u503c\u8d85\u8fc7\u66ff\u4ee3\u884c\u52a8\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5c31\u4f1a\u80dc\u51fa[18]\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6620\u5c04\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e5f\u53bb\u9664\u4e86\u5148\u9a8c\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u201c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6307\u4ee4\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u5927\u5316\u89c2\u5bdf<\/span>\uff08\u6216\u72b6\u6001\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u71b5\u201d[13]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u9009\u9879\u8fdb\u884c\u62bd\u6837<\/span>\uff08\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u91c7\u6837\uff09<\/span>\u6765\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u9884\u671f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u6700\u4f18\u7684\uff1a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u589e\u52a0\u53ef\u8fbe\u5230\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5206\u6563\u5ea6<\/span>\uff08\u71b5\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u671f\u671b\u201c\u4fdd\u6301\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5f00\u653e\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5373\u4f60\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u201c\u5f53\u4e3b\u4f53\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u7b56<\/span>\uff08\u884c\u52a8\u5e8f\u5217\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u8bbf\u95ee\u65b0\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u60ca\u5947\u53ef\u4ee5\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u201d[100]\u3002\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e0a\uff0cRens\u7b49\u4eba[101]\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u884c\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9e\u80fd\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5316\u9884\u671f\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u53ef\u9009\u9879\u7684\u53ef\u53ca\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u53ef\u53ca\u6027\u4e5f\u7ed9\u4eba\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u611f\u3002\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0cNavarro\u7b49\u4eba[102]\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u52a8\u6001\u591a\u81c2\u8001\u864e\u673a\u4efb\u52a1<\/span>\uff08dynamic multi-armed bandit task\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u538c\u6076\u9009\u9879\u7684\u4e27\u5931\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e9b\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u65e8\u5728\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u60ca\u5947\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u529b\u6c42\u6700\u5927\u5316\u71b5<\/span>\uff08\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u5999\u800c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6700\u5927\u5316\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u524d\u540e\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u71b5\uff1a\u5373\u6700\u5927\u5316\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u53d6\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027[13]\u3002\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u907f\u514d\u5bf9\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5145\u5206\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5177\u4f53\u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u5047\u8bbe\u505a\u51fa\u627f\u8bfa[13,14,103]\uff0c\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u5f88\u5c11\u3002\u5728\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u9075\u5faa\u9690\u542b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u71b5\u539f\u5219[104]\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u8fc7\u62df\u5408\u201d\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u9700\u8981\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u88ab\u9884\u6d4b\u51c6\u786e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ee5\u6700\u5c0f\u8bef\u5dee\u9884\u6d4b\u672a\u6765\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u4ece\u957f\u8fdc\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u8981\u6267\u7740\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u62df\u5408\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u5728\u8fc7\u5f80\u8bc1\u636e\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u62d3\u5bbd\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u9009\u62e9\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6539\u53d8\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u91c7\u6837\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u4e2d\u4ee5\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u53d6\uff09<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u624d\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u8f93\u5165\u5219\u662f\u65e0\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565[14]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u7684\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u9690\u542b\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u662f\u5728\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u627e\u5230\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u98ce\u9669\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u5219\u51cf\u5c11\u9884\u671f\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u504f\u597d\u6216\u76ee\u6807\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7a33\u5b9a\u662f\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f\u6216\u56fa\u5316\u7684\u3001\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u9002\u5e94\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u5e94\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5206\u6563\u6216\u53ef\u5851\u5219\u4f1a\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b8c\u6574\u6027 [13,105,106]\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u5982\u4f55\u6355\u6349\u5230\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5206\u6563\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5f20\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u627e\u5230\u7684\u6298\u8877\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u7528\u6000\u7279\u6d77<\/span>\uff08Whitehead\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8fdb<\/strong>\u6b65\u7684\u827a\u672f\u5728\u4e8e\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5728\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u53d8\u5316<\/strong>\u3002\u751f\u6d3b\u62d2\u7edd\u88ab\u6d3b\u751f\u751f\u5730\u5236\u6210\u6807\u672c\u3002\u201d[107,\u7b2c339\u9875]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u201c\u5c55\u671b\u672a\u6765\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8349\u56fe\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e3a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u5e2d\u52d2\u7b49\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5c06\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u7565\u663e\u795e\u79d8\u4f46\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ba1\u7b97\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u3002\u5728\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5728\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e24\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u65f6\u5c24\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5f53\u5148\u9a8c\u504f\u597d\u9000\u5c45\u5e55\u540e\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u98ce\u9669\uff09<\/span>\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6355\u6349\u5230\u54f2\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u65e0\u5229\u5bb3\u6027<\/span>\uff08disinterestedness\uff09<\/span>[108]\uff1a\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u7684\u76f8\u9047\u901a\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u9700\u6c42\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u5360\u636e\u9996\u8981\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u7684\u539f\u56e0<\/span>\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff09<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u5171\u540c\u5f62\u6210\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u6216\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u4e2d\u8bfb\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7ed3\u6784\u7a81\u7136\u6e05\u6670\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff1a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u91ca\u653e\u4e86\u4f18\u5316\u51fd\u6570<\/span>\uff08\u9884\u671f\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u91cf\uff09<\/span>\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u884c\u52a8\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6fc0\u8fdb\u3001\u66f4\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u672c\u8eab\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6bd4\u5e73\u65f6\u66f4\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\uff08\u6982\u7387\u8f83\u4f4e\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8f83\u5c11\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u7b56\u7565<\/span>\uff08\u884c\u52a8\u5e8f\u5217\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5e76\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e3a\u884c\u52a8\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u91cd\u83b7\u3002\u5f53\u6ca1\u6709\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f60\u7684\u611f\u5b98\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u65e0\u5229\u5bb3\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u4f60\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5e26\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u63a8\u6d4b\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a8\u7406\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3a\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u96be\u4ee5\u8a00\u55bb\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5b9e\u8d28\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u827a\u672f<\/span>\uff08\u5982\u5fc3\u7406\u6cbb\u7597[109]\uff09<\/span>\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u65b0\u6fc0\u6d3b\u81ea\u4e3b\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u63a2\u7d22\u5145\u6ee1\u53d8\u6570\u7684\u4e16\u754c<\/span>\uff08\u548c\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e0b\u767b\u9876\u5c71\u5cf0\u4fef\u77b0\u58ee\u4e3d\u666f\u8272\u65f6\u90a3\u79cd\u538b\u5012\u6027\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8d39\u529b\u6500\u767b\u5c71\u5cf0\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6d1e\u5bdf\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u610f\u5916\u5f00\u653e\u76f8\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u7247\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u89c4\u5212\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u884c\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65e0\u9650\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u7f8e\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u827a\u672f\u5219\u80fd\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u8fbe\u6210\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u6269\u5c55\u548c\u8d4b\u6743\u7684\u611f\u89c9[110]\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4e92\u52a8\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u73af\u5883\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u76f8\u4f34\u76f8\u751f<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u5c3c\u91c7\u5173\u4e8e\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5347\u534e\u7684\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9[111]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u201c\u533a\u57df\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u5f97\u4ee5\u62d3\u5c55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u636e\u5df2\u6709\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u9884\u671f\u6765\u4f18\u5316\u63a5\u8fd1\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9996\u5148\u5b66\u4e60\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684[112]\u3002\u8fd9\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u81ea\u6210\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u751f\u7269<\/span>\uff08autotelic creatures\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5[113]\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u591f\u627f\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5185\u90e8\u6a21\u578b\u6270\u52a8\u7684\u72b6\u6001[114]\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u6269\u5927\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u5047\u8bbe<\/span>\uff08\u9884\u671f\u4ef7\u503c\uff09<\/span>\u6216\u9884\u671f\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u53d6\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u672a\u77e5\u4e8b\u7269[115]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u5982\u540c\u6e38\u620f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u201c\u6c99\u76d2\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u8ba1\u7b97\u9884\u671f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u65f6\u653e\u677e\u4e00\u4e9b\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5141\u8bb8\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u65b0\u9896\u6027\u8fdb\u5165\uff0c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b0\u7ed3\u6784\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5de5\u5177<\/span>\uff08\u8ba4\u77e5\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u5b9e\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\uff09<\/span>\u4fbf\u518d\u6b21\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u8d77\u6211\u4eec\u8bba\u6587\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u6240\u8ff0\u5ba1\u7f8e\u6109\u60a6\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u827a\u672f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6db5\u76d6\u6210\u719f\u63a8\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c1d\u8bd5\u91c7\u7eb3\u65b0\u5047\u8bbe[116,117]\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u6216\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u6001[80]\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u514d\u53d7\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u79ef\u7d2f\u8bc1\u636e\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u963b\u788d\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u9650\u5236[118]\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e3a\u5148\u524d\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6784\u60f3\u79ef\u7d2f\u8bc1\u636e\u2014\u2014\u5373\u610f\u5916\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8bc1\u660e\u2014\u2014\u611f\u89c9\u5f88\u597d\u3002\u518d\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u89c6\u91ce\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u72ed\u7a84\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u7740\u827a\u672f<\/span>\uff08\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8fd9\u79cd\u5ba1\u7f8e\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u63a5\u7eb3\u5ea6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b54\u6848\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5f62\u6001\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u65f6\u95f4\u6df1\u5ea6[119,120]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c06\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u65b0\u9896\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u5f15\u5bfc\u968f\u673a\u641c\u7d22\u8fdb\u5165\u6700\u5177\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u7684\u533a\u57df[121]\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u81ea\u4fe1\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u7684\uff09<\/span>\u9ad8\u5c42\u7ea7\u9884\u6d4b\u53ef\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u4f4e\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5b66\u4e60\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5141\u8bb8\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u8fc7\u6ee4<\/span>\uff08\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\u5173\u4e8e\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u7684\u201c\u53d1\u751f\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ee5\u66f4\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u65b0\u7684\u9886\u57df<\/span>\uff08\u7c7b\u6bd4\u601d\u7ef4\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5177\u6709\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u65f6\u95f4\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u4efb\u610f\u5047\u8bbe\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u63a8\u7406\u4e0a\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201c\u9884\u6f14\u201d\u5176\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u514d\u53d7\u5e38\u89c4\u7ea6\u675f<\/span>\uff08\u5148\u9a8c\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u5b58\u5728\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u67b6\u6784\u201d\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5c5e\u6027\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u6709\u6761\u7406\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5411\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027[25]\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u60c5\u5883\u3001\u7279\u8d28\u548c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u4e8e\u81ea\u6211\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001[122]\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u56f4\u7ed5\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u3001\u987f\u609f\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u4ee5\u53ca\u60c5\u7eea\/\u5fc3\u5883\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u5f71\u54cd\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u8ff0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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7. \u7ed3\u8bba<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


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\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u6e90\u81ea\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u6a21\u578b<\/span>\uff08\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u610f\u5916\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9a8c\u8bc1\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5e94\u5bf9\u7684\u6311\u6218<\/span>\uff08\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5411\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8<\/span>\uff08\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u51cf\u5c11\uff09<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span>\uff08\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u5f00\u542f\u65b0\u9009\u9879\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u57fa\u7840\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u53c2\u8003\u6846\u67b6<\/span>\uff08\u5148\u9a8c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u52a8\u6001\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u671f\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u4e14\u5bcc\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5f02\u5e38\u3001\u975e\u7406\u6027\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5173\u4e4e\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u7f13\u89e3\u201d\u5728\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4e0e\u975e\u6211\u3001\u4e0e\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u76f8\u9047\u65f6\u6240\u5f00\u542f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u8c03\u8c10\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u89c9\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u9047\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u63d0\u51fa\u53ef\u514b\u670d\u7684\u6311\u6218<\/span>\uff08\u53ef\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\uff09<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u3001\u7ecf\u8fc7\u534f\u5546\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6311\u6218\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4fe1\u4efb\uff1a\u4e3a\u72af\u65b0\u9519\u8bef<\/span>\uff08\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\uff09<\/span>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f59\u5730\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6e38\u620f\u4e2d\u3001\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e2d\u3001\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d[123]\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u521b\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u827a\u672f\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u6070\u5f53\u5730\u9882\u626c\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u7684\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u7684<\/span>\uff08\u884c\u52a8\u81ea\u7531\uff09<\/span>\u7ecf\u5178\u878d\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81f3\u6b64\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u5bf9\u827a\u672f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u662f\u5bf9\u8457\u540d\u7f8e\u5b66\u5b66\u8005<\/span>\uff08\u6cbf\u9014\u63d0\u53ca\uff09<\/span>\u66f4\u52a0\u751f\u52a8\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u4e14\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u65ad\u6846\u67b6\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u4f53\u9a8c\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u524d\u666f\u5e7f\u9614\u4e5f\u66f4\u4e3a\u7b80\u7ea6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5173\u4e8e\u5ba1\u7f8e\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u591a\u7ef4\u548c\u4e30\u5bcc\u6027\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u770b\u4f3c\u6784\u6210\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u6210\u5206<\/span>\uff08\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u6ce8\u610f\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u638c\u63e1\u3001\u5143\u8ba4\u77e5\u7b49\uff1b[124,125]\uff09<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u4ece\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u901a\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6784\u5efa\u8d77\u90a3\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u7740\u8d39\u66fc<\/span>\uff08Feynman\uff09<\/span>\u7684\u540d\u8a00\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u90a3\u4e9b\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u521b\u9020\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u4f18\u52bf\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8981\u7d20<\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9690\u85cf\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u7b49\uff09<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\u7cbe\u786e\u6355\u6349\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u521d\u6b65\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u795e\u7ecf\u56de\u8def\u548c\u751f\u7406\u673a\u5236\u4e0a[13]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7f8e\u5b66\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u542b\u4e49\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u7f8e\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u523a\u6fc0\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u523a\u6fc0\u7269\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u523a\u6fc0\u7269\u6240\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56e0\u6b64\u6240\u4f53\u9a8c\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u63ed\u793a\u8bf8\u5982\u8ba4\u8bc6\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u987f\u609f\u4f53\u9a8c\u7b49\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u7f8e\u5b66\u540c\u6837\u5177\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u6027<\/span>\uff08\u53c2\u89c1[126]\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u827a\u672f\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4e4b\u5904\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u591a\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4efb\u4f55\u901a\u7528\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u672c\u8eab<\/strong>\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u6240\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5f25\u5408\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7f8e\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>\uff08\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u504f\u597d\uff09<\/span>\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u5ba3\u79f0\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>\uff08\u4e30\u5bcc\u800c\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5ba1\u7f8e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f53\u9a8c\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u60c5\u611f\u4e0e\u5d07\u9ad8\u5e95\u8574\u7684\u4ea4\u878d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\uff09<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd [127]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u91ca<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

1 \u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e3a\u60ca\u5947\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u4e2d\u79f0\u4e3a\u81ea\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u793a\u5e73\u5747\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5e73\u5747\u81ea\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u71b5\uff0c\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2 \u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5230\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u663e\u8457\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u6b21\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u8ba8\u8bba\uff08\u53ef\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\uff09\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f53\u9a8c\u5bfc\u81f4\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u7684\u6b21\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u201c\u76f4\u63a5\u201d\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u53ef\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u65f6\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

3 \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u9690\u85cf\uff08\u5fc3\u667a\uff09\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5212\u51fa\u4e25\u683c\u754c\u9650\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u641c\u5bfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5185\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u9ad8\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u6216\u7cbe\u786e\u5ea6\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u3002[27]<\/span><\/p>\n

4 \u4ece\u6280\u672f\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u4fe1\u5ff5\u66f4\u65b0\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u9009\u62e9\u65e8\u5728\u6700\u5927\u5316\u6a21\u578b\u8bc1\u636e\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u4e0b\u67d0\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u4f3c\u7136\uff09\u3002\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u603b\u662f\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u51cf\u53bb\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u8feb\u5bfb\u627e\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u6570\u636e\u89e3\u91ca\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u5965\u5361\u59c6\u5243\u5200\u539f\u5219\u6216\u8a79\u5b81\u65af\u7684\u6700\u5927\u71b5\u539f\u5219\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

5 \u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u663e\u8457\u6027\uff08salience\uff09\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u9884\u671f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u53d6\u6216\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u673a\u5668\u4eba\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u5185\u5728\u52a8\u673a\u6216\u4ef7\u503c[20,45\u201347]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

6 \u5b9e\u8bc1\u5148\u9a8c\u662f\u5c42\u7ea7\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6216\u9884\u671f\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u89c6\u89d2\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u4f3c\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u4f4e\u5c42\u6b21\u5219\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u6982\u7387\u3002\u5173\u952e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u65b0\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5148\u9a8c\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

7 \u6280\u672f\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u662f\u5bf9\u4fe1\u5ff5\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf[70]\u3002\u6309\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u5185\u5d4c\u4e86\u9002\u5f53\u91cf\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u66f4\u65b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

8 \u4f5c\u8005\u5047\u8bbe\u80fd\u591f\u4fdd\u6301\u4f60\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u76f4\u5230\u2018\u6587\u672b\u2019\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

9 \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5feb\u901f\u89e3\u51b3\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f27\u5e26\u6765\u6109\u60a6\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u6d41\u884c\u6b4c\u66f2\u4e2d\u8f7b\u5fae\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684 \u201c\u94a9\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8fc5\u901f\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u66f4\u6613\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u8282\u594f\u6216\u65cb\u5f8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

10 \u6280\u672f\u4e0a\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u5927\u8111[96]\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406[13]\u3002\u53d8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u662f\u8d1d\u53f6\u65af\u6a21\u578b\u8bc1\u636e\u8d1f\u5bf9\u6570\u7684\u4e0a\u754c[-lnP(\u00f5|m)]\uff0c\u4ea6\u79f0\u4e3a\u60ca\u8bb6\u6216\u60ca\u5f02\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u9884\u6d4b\u8bef\u5dee\u6216\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c[13,97,98]\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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<\/span><\/section>\n
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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
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    \n
  1. \n

    Shaviro S. 2012 Without criteria: Kant, Whitehead, Deleuze, and aesthetics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    Wassiliwizky E, Menninghaus W. 2021 Why and how should cognitive science care about aesthetics?Trends Cogn. Sci. 25, 437\u2013449. <\/span>(doi:10.1016\/j.tics.2021.03.008)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    Sarasso P, Neppi-Modona M, Sacco K, Ronga I. 2020 \u2018Stopping for knowledge\u2019: the sense of beauty in the perception-action cycle. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 118, 723\u2013738. <\/span>(doi:10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.004)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    Sarasso P, Frascaroli J, Neppi-Modona M, Sacco K, Ronga I. (submitted) Three theories of aesthetic appreciation: fluency, learning, or both?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    Dewey J. 2005 Art as experience. London, UK: Penguin.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  6. \n

    Kant I. 1987 Critique of judgment. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Menninghaus W, Wagner V, Hanich J, Wassiliwizky E, Jacobsen T, Koelsch S. 2017 The distancing- embracing model of the enjoyment of negative emotions in art reception. Behav. Brain Sci. 40, e347. <\/span>(doi:10.1017\/S0140525X17000309)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Seth AK. 2019 From unconscious inference to the beholder\u2019s share: predictive perception and human experience. Eur. Rev. 27, 378\u2013410. <\/span>(doi:10.1017\/s1062798719000061)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  9. \n

    Gombrich EH. 1977 Art and illusion: a study in the psychology of pictorial representation, 5th edn. London, UK: Phaidon Press.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Graham DJ, Redies C. 2010 Statistical regularities in art: relations with visual coding and perception. Vis. Res. 50, 1503\u20131509. <\/span>(doi:10.1016\/j.visres.2010.05.002)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Clark A. 2015 Surfing uncertainty: prediction, action, and the embodied mind. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Hohwy J. 2013 The predictive mind. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  13. \n

    Parr T, Pezzulo G, Friston K. 2022 Active inference: the free energy principle in mind, brain, and behavior. London, UK: MIT Press.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  14. \n

    Jost J. 2004 External and internal complexity of complex adaptive systems. Theory Biosci. 123, 69\u201388. <\/span>(doi:10.1016\/j.thbio.2003.10.001)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  15. \n

    von Glasersfeld E. 1995 Radical constructivism: a way of knowing and learning. Studies in mathematics education series 6. Bristol, PA: Falmer Press, Taylor & Francis Inc.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  16. \n

    Loewenstein G. 1994 The psychology of curiosity: a review and reinterpretation. Psychol. Bull. 116, 75.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Metcalfe J, Kennedy-Pyers T, Vuorre M. 2021 Curiosity and the desire for agency: wait, wait \u2026 don\u2019t tell me!. Cogn. Res. Princ. Implic. 6, 69. <\/span>(doi:10.1186\/s41235-021-00330-0)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Friston KJ, Rigoli F, Ognibene D, Mathys C, Fitzgerald T, Pezzulo G. 2015 Active inference and epistemic value. Cogn. Neurosci. 6, 187\u2013214. <\/span>(doi:10.1080\/17588928.2015.1020053)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Gottlieb J, Oudeyer P-Y, Lopes M, Baranes A. 2013 Information-seeking, curiosity, and attention: computational and neural mechanisms. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17, 585\u2013593. <\/span>(doi:10.1016\/j.tics.2013.09.001)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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    \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/strong>\u67e5\u770b<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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    -\u76f4\u64ad\u9884\u544a-<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
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    \u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u62db\u52df\u4e2d<\/strong>
    <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


    <\/section>\n
    <\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7406\u8bba\u540e\u6700\u5305\u7f57\u4e07\u8c61\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u51fa\u53d1\u89e3\u91ca\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u66f4\u65b0\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5019\u9009\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5927\u7edf\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span>\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8<\/span>\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u300d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a>\u9080\u8bf7\u5230 Karl Friston\u3001\u6556\u5e73\u3001\u725f\u7267\u4e91\u3001\u5f20\u6b63\u6cc9\u3001\u5f20\u5fb7\u7965\u3001\u9648\u6e5b\u3001\u4f55\u771f\u3001\u7f57\u51e1\u660e\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4ece\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u5230\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u4e16\u754c\u6a21\u578b\u7b49\u524d\u6cbf\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a8\u7406\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/span>\u6b22\u8fce\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u62a5\u540d\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u5f00\u542f\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u4e4b\u65c5\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\uff01<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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    \u8be6\u60c5\u8bf7\u89c1\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5316\u5b66\u4e60\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8\uff1a\u63a2\u7d22\u611f\u77e5\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u539f\u7406<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n


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    \u25ba\u25ba\u25ba<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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    \u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u00d7\u827a\u672f\u7cfb\u5217\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

    20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u542f\u53d1\u7684\u201c\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u5df2\u8fc5\u901f\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u8ba4\u77e5\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3002\u6df7\u6c8c\u3001\u81ea\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u4e34\u754c\u3001\u81ea\u521b\u751f\u3001\u6d8c\u73b0 \u2026\u2026\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u6027\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5c06\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6269\u5145\u827a\u672f\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea4\u53c9\u9886\u57df\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bfe\u9898\u3002\u827a\u672f\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u6027\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u663e\u793a\u201c\u6d8c\u73b0\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5c31\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u5c06\u827a\u672f\u54c1\u89c6\u4e3a\u9759\u6001\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u770b\u4f5c\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\uff08Complexity Science\uff09\u4e5f\u5411\u5f53\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u655e\u5f00\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u7bb1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u5305\u62ec\u6df7\u6c8c\u3001\u5206\u5f62\u3001\u5143\u80de\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u9057\u4f20\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001\u8681\u7fa4\u7b97\u6cd5\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u3001L-System\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u7b49\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u7f8e\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u827a\u672f\u4e0e\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u827a\u672f\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u751f\u6210\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6fc0\u53d1\u5404\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u534f\u540c\u53d1\u6398\u540e\u4eba\u7c7b\u521b\u9020\u529b\u548c\u65b0\u7f8e\u5b66\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u6253\u5f00\u66f4\u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u521b\u610f\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
    \u7531\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u4e3b\u529e\uff0c\u5fc3\u8bc6\u5b87\u5b99\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5341\u4e09\u7ef4\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u8bc4\u8bba\u4eba\u6c6a\u5ae3\u7136\u548c\u7b56\u5c55\u4eba\u9f99\u661f\u5982\u8054\u5408\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u201c\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u201d\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6c47\u805a\u5404\u9886\u57df\u5185\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u8005\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u3001\u5b66\u8005\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u2014\u2014\u5c55\u5f00\u8d85\u8d8a\u5355\u4e00\u5b66\u79d1\u7684\u8de8\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u4eba\u6587\u827a\u672f\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u5730\u5e26\u3002\u672c\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u4ece2022\u5e747\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u6708\u4e3e\u529e\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5171\u8ba1\u5341\u4e8c\u671f\u3002\u6b22\u8fce\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u62a5\u540d\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u53ef\u52a0\u5165\u793e\u7fa4\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97<\/span>\u89c6\u9891\u56de\u653e\u3002\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\u8be6\u60c5\u4e0e\u6846\u67b6\uff1a<\/span>Chaos & Muses\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u00d7\u827a\u672f\u7cfb\u5217\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a<\/span><\/a><\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
    1. <\/strong>\u7ecf\u5178\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406\u2014\u2014\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u5927\u8111\u7406\u8bba<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    2. <\/strong>\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u539f\u7406<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    3.<\/strong> \u5927\u8111\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5efa\u6a21\uff1f\u4ece\u65e0\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u5230\u9884\u6d4b\u52a0\u5de5\uff5c\u300a\u9884\u6d4b\u7b97\u6cd5\u300b<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    4. <\/strong><\/span>\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u53ef\u5fae\u5206\u7f16\u7a0b\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u5168\u65b0\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
    5.<\/strong> \u96c6\u667aVIP\u96c6\u5408\u5566\uff01\u4e91\u5357\u7ebf\u4e0b\u7814\u4fee\u8425\uff0c\u4e0e\u96c6\u667a\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e00\u8d77\u6500\u767b\u201c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u9636\u68af\u201d<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
    6. <\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/section>\n


    <\/p>\n


    <\/p>\n

    \u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    <\/mp-style-type><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u5bfc\u8bed \u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u827a\u672f\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4f1a\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u89e6\u52a8\u6211\u4eec\uff1f\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u539f\u7406\u63d0\u51fa\u8005 Karl Friston \u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e\u300a\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u54f2\u5b66\u4f1a\u520aB\u300b\uff08Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B\uff09\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u9884\u6d4b…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":51486,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"special":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51496"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=51496"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51496\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/51486"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=51496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=51496"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=51496"},{"taxonomy":"special","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fspecial&post=51496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}