{"id":52625,"date":"2024-09-10T11:31:03","date_gmt":"2024-09-10T03:31:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=52625"},"modified":"2024-09-10T11:31:03","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T03:31:03","slug":"%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e7%9a%84%e5%9b%9e%e9%a1%be%e4%b8%8e%e6%bc%ab%e8%b0%88-%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e5%ad%a6%e8%80%85%e4%b8%8e%e7%bb%9f%e8%ae%a1%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=52625","title":{"rendered":"\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u56de\u987e\u4e0e\u6f2b\u8c08\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4e0e\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66"},"content":{"rendered":"
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2017\u5e747\u670817\u201419\u65e5\u5728\u897f\u5b89\u9655\u897f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u201c\u7b2c\u56db\u5c4a\u5168\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u4e0e\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\u66a8\u6d77\u5ce1\u4e24\u5cb8\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u4f1a\u8bae\u201d\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e94\u7ec4\u59d4\u4f1a\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u6211\u4e3a\u4f1a\u8bae\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u4f17\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4ee5\u6f2b\u8c08\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4e0e\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u542c\u4f17\u4e3a\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ee3\u8868\u53ca\u4f17\u591a\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u5e08\u751f\u3002\u56e0\u62a5\u544a\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u542c\u4f17\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5373\u6709\u4eba\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\u6574\u7406\u6210\u6587\u540e\u53d1\u8868\uff0c\u6211\u4ee5\u5fd9\u4e8e\u8bd1\u4e66\u4e3a\u7531\u800c\u63a8\u6258\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u65995\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u51e0\u4f4d\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8005\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\u5bf9\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u6211\u80fd\u6574\u7406\u6210\u6587\u5b57\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u540e\u53c8\u6709\u300a\u7269\u7406\u300b\u7f16\u8f91\u90e8\u70ed\u60c5\u9080\u7ea6\uff0c\u76db\u60c5\u96be\u5374\uff0c\u7279\u6839\u636e\u5f53\u5e74\u7684PPT\u6587\u4ef6\u6574\u7406\u6210\u6587\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5bf9\u9752\u5e74\u540c\u5fd7\u6709\u6240\u88e8\u76ca\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
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\u9009\u81ea\u300a\u7269\u7406\u300b2023\u5e74\u7b2c9\u671f<\/span> <\/span>| \u6765\u6e90<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u76ee\u5f55<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

1. \u9a8c\u8bc1Maxwell\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u5f8b\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u4e01\u897f\u6797\u548c\u845b\u6b63\u6743<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

2. \u6211\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u5148\u9a71\u548c\u5960\u57fa\u8005\u2014\u2014\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u548c\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

3. \u5728\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u6770\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u5973\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u738b\u660e\u8d1e\u548c\u738b\u627f\u4e66<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

4. \u6768\u632f\u5b81\u548c\u674e\u653f\u9053\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e(\u52a0\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u7c4d\u524d)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

5. \u9a6c\u4e0a\u5e9a\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

6. \u201c\u6587\u5316\u9769\u547d\u201d\u65f6\u671f\u5f00\u51fa\u7684\u4e24\u6735\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u82b1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

7. \u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u5bf9\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8d21\u732e<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

8. \u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201c\u56db\u4eba\u5e2e\u201d\u7684\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

9. \u7ed3\u8bed<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


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\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u521d\u8877\u662f\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u6216\u9884\u8a00\u7531\u5927\u91cf\u7c92\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u81f320\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u671f\uff0c\u514b\u52b3\u4fee\u65af<\/span> (Clausius)<\/span>\u3001\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6<\/span> (Maxwell)<\/span>\u3001\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc<\/span> (Boltzmann) <\/span>\u548c\u5409\u5e03\u65af <\/span>(Gibbs) <\/span>\u7b49\u4eba\u76f8\u7ee7\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u9010\u6e10\u52a0\u5165\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u5f97\u4e00\u5b9a\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u672c\u6587\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u5148\u540e\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u82e5\u5e72\u5177\u4f53\u4e8b\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6f2b\u8c08\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u524d\u8f88\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u53ca\u5176\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5148\u8d24\uff0c\u6fc0\u53d1\u540e\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n


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1. \u9a8c\u8bc1Maxwell\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u5f8b\u7684<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e24\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u4e01\u897f\u6797\u548c\u845b\u6b63\u6743<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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1859\u5e74Maxwell\u5bfc\u51fa\u6c14\u4f53\u5904\u4e8e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e73\u8861\u65f6\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u65e0\u6cd5\u628a\u540c\u4e00\u7c7b\u6c14\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9Maxwell\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u5f8b\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1\uff0c\u6700\u5148\u662f\u5bf9\u7535\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u5bf9\u5206\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe1 \u4e01\u897f\u6797(1893\u20141974)<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6700\u65e9\u5bf9\u8be5\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u5927\u5b66O. W. Richardson\u6559\u6388\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6211\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4e01\u897f\u67971)<\/sup><\/span>(\u56fe1)<\/span>\uff0c\u4ed6\u5386\u65f6\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86O. W. Richardson\u548cW. H. Schottky\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u70ed\u7535\u5b50\u53d1\u5c04\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86Maxwell\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span> (Ting S L. Experiments on Electron Emission from Hot Bodies. P<\/em>roceedings of the Royal Society of London<\/em>\uff0c1921\uff0cA98\uff1a374\u2014394)(\u56fe2)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe2 \u4e01\u897f\u6797\u9a8c\u8bc1Maxwell\u5206\u5e03\u5f8b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7ee7\u4e01\u897f\u6797\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u9a8c\u8bc1Maxwell\u771f\u7a7a\u5206\u5e03\u5f8b\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u6211\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u662f\u845b\u6b63\u67432)<\/sup><\/span>(\u56fe3)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe3 \u845b\u6b63\u6743(1896\u20141988)<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u968f\u7740\u771f\u7a7a\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u9a8c\u8bc1Maxwell\u5206\u5e03\u5f8b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9010\u6b65\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5206\u5b50\u675f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/span>\u8457\u540d\u5fb7\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6O. Stern\u7528\u94f6\u84b8\u6c14\u5206\u5b50\u675f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u83b7\u5f97\u94f6\u5206\u5b50\u6709\u7740\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u80fd\u7ed9\u51fa\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u653b\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u845b\u6b63\u6743\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8fd1\u4e09\u5e74\u7684\u8270\u82e6\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6b64<\/span>\u9879\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6210\u679c<\/span> (Ko C C. The Heat of Dissociation of Bi2<\/sub> Determined by the Method of Molecular Beams. J. Franklin Institute<\/em>\uff0c1934\uff0c217(2)\uff1a173\u2014199)<\/span>(<\/span><\/span>\u56fe4)<\/span>\u3002\u845b<\/span>\u6b63\u6743\u8fd9\u7bc7\u957f\u8fbe26\u9875\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u662f\u9a8c\u8bc1Maxwell\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u5f8b\u7684\u6709\u540d\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u66fe\u957f\u671f\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u4e13\u8457\u548c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5f15\u7528<\/span><\/span> (\u6bd4\u5982Sears\u7684University Physics<\/em>\uff0c\u7a0b\u5b88\u6d19\u7b49\u8457\u300a\u666e\u901a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u693f\u7b49\u8457\u300a\u70ed\u5b66\u300b\u7b49) <\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56fe4 \u845b\u6b63\u67431934\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6587<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e01\u897f\u6797\u548c\u845b\u6b63\u6743\u4e24\u4f4d\u5148\u8f88\u9a8c\u8bc1Maxwell\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u5f8b\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u6240\u4f5c\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u4e45\u94ed\u8bb0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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2. \u6211\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e24\u4f4d\u5148\u9a71\u548c\u5960\u57fa\u8005\u2014\u2014\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u548c\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6700\u65e9\u72ec\u7acb\u63d0\u51fa\u7406\u8bba\u800c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u754c\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u662f\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u548c\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\u6b63\u5904\u5728\u4ece\u7406\u60f3\u6c14\u4f53\u548c\u4f4e\u6e29\u56fa\u4f53\u7b49\u51c6\u81ea\u7531\u7c92\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f6c\u5411\u6709\u6bd4\u8f83\u5f3a\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u5408\u91d1\u53ca\u6eb6\u4f53\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u76f8\u53d8\u95ee\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u70ed\u70b93)<\/sup>\u3002\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u548c\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u5148\u751f\u6b63\u597d\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\u76f8\u7ee7\u6295\u5165\u5f53\u65f6\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u9547\u2014\u2014\u82f1\u56fd\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388Ralph Fowler4)<\/sup>\u7684\u95e8\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u70ed\u70b9\u4e0a\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa <\/span>(1911-1983)(\u56fe5)<\/span>\uff0c\u6e56\u5317\u516c\u5b89\u4eba\uff0c1929\u5e74\u590f\u5165\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u30021933\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u6e05\u534e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff0c\u8ddf\u5468\u57f9\u6e90\u7814\u7a76\u6e4d\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\u30021935\u5e74\u83b7\u516c\u8d39\u7559\u82f1\u8d44\u683c\u540e\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\uff18\u6708\u5230\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u5e08\u4ece Ralph Fowler \u7814\u7a76\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
\u56fe5 \u738b\u7af9\u6eaa(1911-1983)<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u5728\u5251\u6865\u5b66\u4e60\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5148\u5bf9\u8f83\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5438\u9644\u4f5c\u7528\u95ee\u9898\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u628a\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u601d\u60f3\u7528\u5230\u8d85\u6676\u683c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u63a8\u5e7f\u6210\u666e\u904d\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u65e2\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u5143\u6d53\u5ea6\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u5143\u6d53\u5ea6\u4e0d\u7b49\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5904\u7406\u7684\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e00\u7c7b\u957f\u7a0b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u8ba1\u7b97\u8d85\u6676\u683c\u4f4d\u5f62\u914d\u5206\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u8d85\u6676\u683c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u666e\u904d\u89e3\u3002\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bf9\u8d1d\u7279<\/span> (Bethe) <\/span>\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u660e\u663e\u6539\u8fdb\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/span> (\u56fe6)<\/span> \u3002\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u591a\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d85\u6676\u683c\u548c\u76f8\u53d8\u4ecd\u662f\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u7ee7\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
\u56fe6 \u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u5177\u6709\u957f\u7a0b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8d85\u6676\u683c\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9996\u9875<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u5728\u5251\u6865\u671f\u95f4\u53d1\u8868\u4e866\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ba1\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
(1) Wang J S. On the Diffusion of Gases through Metals. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.<\/em>, 1936, 32: 657\u2014622\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
(2) Wang J S. Properties of Adsorbed Films with Repulsion Interaction. Proc. Roy. Soc.<\/em>, 1937, A161: 127\u2014140\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
(3) Wang J S. Statistical Theory of Superlattices with Long-Range Interaction. I. General Theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London<\/em>, 1938,<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
A168: 56\u201467\uff1b<\/span><\/section>\n
(4) Wang J S. Statistical Theory of Superlattices with Long-Range Interaction. II. The Simple Cubic Lattice and the Body-Centred Cubic Lattice. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London<\/em>, 1938, A168: 68\u201477\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
(5) Wang J S. Statistical Theory of Adsorption with Long Range Interaction. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.<\/em>, 1938, 34: 238\u2014252\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
(6) Wang J S. The Kinetics of Adsorption with Long Range Interaction. Proc. Comb. Phil. Soc.<\/em>, 1938, 34: 412\u2014423\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa1938\u5e74\u83b7\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u540e\u65cb\u5373\u56de\u56fd\uff0c\u672a\u53ca\u56de\u5bb6\u7701\u4eb2\u5373\u8d76\u8d74\u6606\u660e\u897f\u5357\u8054\u5927\u62c5\u4efb\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u9042\u6709\u201c\u738b\u5e08\u6bcd\u5343\u91cc\u5bfb\u592b\u201d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4f20\u51fa5)<\/sup>\u3002\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u5148\u751f\u56de\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u63a8\u8fdb\u6211\u56fd\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e0d\u61c8\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c1955\u5e74\u88ab\u8058\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u90e8\u59d4\u5458\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/strong>\u4ed6\u76f8\u7ee7\u5728\u897f\u5357\u8054\u5927\u3001\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u8bb2\u6388\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e3e\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u3001\u9752\u5e74\u6559\u5e08<\/span> (\u6797\u5bb6\u7fd8\uff0c\u5e94\u5d07\u798f\uff0c\u6768\u632f\u5b81\uff0c\u674e\u836b\u8fdc\uff0c\u6885\u9547\u5cb3\uff0c\u5f90\u4ea6\u5e84\uff0c\u5f90\u9521\u7533\u7b49)<\/span> \u5f15\u5165\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1b20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u6211\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6750\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u300b\u548c\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u56fd\u51e0\u4ee3\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5728\u91cd\u5370<\/span> (\u56fe7)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe7 \u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8457\u300a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u300b(\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248)\u548c\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u5c01\u9762<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/strong>\u4ed6\u76f8\u7ee7\u5728\u8d85\u6676\u683c\u76f8\u53d8\u3001\u52d2\u590f\u7279\u5217\u539f\u7406\u3001\u9ad8\u7ea7\u76f8\u53d8\u3001\u8303\u6c0f\u6c14\u4f53\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e73\u8861\u4e0e\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u8d28\u4ee5\u53ca\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5728\u690d\u7269\u751f\u7406\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u72ec\u521b\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u5148\u751f\u662f\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u6211\u56fd\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u8005\u548c\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u3002\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u5148\u751f\u56e0\u5728\u6c5f\u897f\u52b3\u52a8\u611f\u67d3\u8840\u5438\u866b\u75c5\uff0c1983\u5e74\u56e0\u75c5\u901d\u4e16\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7<\/span> (1915\u20141969)(\u56fe8)<\/span>\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u676d\u5dde\u4eba\uff0c1934\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\uff0c\u540e\u7559\u6821\u653b\u8bfb\u5b66\u4f4d\u30021936\u5e74\u5165\u82f1\u56fd\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u968fFowler\u7814\u7a76\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u4ec5\u7528\u4e24\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5373\u4e8e1938\u5e74\u83b7\u82f1\u56fd\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe8 \u5f20\u5b97\u71e7(1915\u20141969)<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u671f\u95f4\u63a8\u5e7fBethe\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u5408\u91d1\u76f8\u53d8\u7406\u8bba\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u6b21\u8fd1\u90bb\u683c\u70b9\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u5730\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u5408\u91d1\u6709\u5e8f\u2014\u65e0\u5e8f\u76f8\u53d8\u7684Bethe\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6 <\/span>(\u56fe9)<\/span>\uff1b\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u6c42\u51fa\u5408\u91d1\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5de8\u914d\u5206\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86Bethe\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e0eGuggenheim\u7b49\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u51c6\u5316\u5b66\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u4ef7 <\/span>(\u56fe10)<\/span>\uff1b\u4e25\u683c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86Bethe\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ec4\u5408\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u7ec4\u5408\u516c\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\u88abFowler\u548cGuggenheim\u6536\u5165\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540d\u8457\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u70ed\u529b\u5b66(Statistical Thermodynamics)\u300b\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b2c1323\u8282<\/span> (\u56fe11)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe9 \u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u63a8\u5e7fBethe\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u9996\u9875<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe10 \u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u5bfc\u51fa\u5408\u91d1\u7cfb\u7edf\u5de8\u914d\u5206\u51fd\u6570\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u9996\u9875<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe11 Fowler\u548cGuggenheim\u540d\u8457\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u300b\u6249\u9875\u53ca\u5176\u4e2d\u6536\u5165\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u7ec4\u5408\u516c\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u8282<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u5728\u5251\u6865\u671f\u95f4\u53d1\u8868\u4e866\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
(1) Chang T S. An Extension of Bethe\u2032s Theory of Order-Disorder Transitions in Metallic Alloys. <\/span>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London<\/span><\/em>, 1937, A161: 546\u2014563\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
(2) Chang T S. Specific Heats of Solids due to Molecular Rotations. <\/span>Proc. Comb. Phil. Soc.<\/span><\/em>, 1937, 33: 524\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
(3) Chang T S. Superlattice Formation of the Type AB in Alloys with Applications to the Theory of Adsorption. <\/span>Proc. Comb. Phil. Soc.<\/span><\/em>, 1938, 34:224\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
(4) Chang T S. Statistical Theory of the Adsorption of Double Molecules. <\/span>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London<\/span><\/em>, 1939, A169: 512\u2014531\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
(5) Chang T S. The Number of Configurations in an Assembly and Cooperative Phenomena. <\/span>Proc. Comb. Phil. Soc.<\/span><\/em>, 1939, 35: 265\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
(6) Chang T S. The Number of Configurations of an Assembly with Long-Distance Order. P<\/span>roceedings of the Royal Society of London<\/span><\/em>, 1939, A173: 48\u201458\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6210\u5c31\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u5148\u751f\u4e0e\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u5148\u751f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5f53\u4e4b\u65e0\u6127\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u8005\u548c\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e0e\u738b\u5148\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u83b7\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u540e\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u8f6c\u5411\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\uff0c\u76f8\u7ee7\u5728\u745e\u58eb\u9ad8\u5de5\u53ca\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u73bb\u5c14\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8ddf\u968f\u6ce1\u5229<\/span> (Pauli) <\/span>\u548c\u73bb\u5c14<\/span> (Bohr)<\/span> \u4ece\u4e8b\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\uff0c1939\u5e74\u56de\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u4efb\u6559\u30021945\u5e74\u7ecf\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u518d\u56de\u82f1\u56fd\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u6821\u8bb2\u6388\u573a\u8bba\u30021947\u5e74\u7ecf\u72c4\u62c9\u514b<\/span> (Dirac) <\/span>\u63a8\u8350\u53bb\u7f8e\u56fd\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u4ece\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c1948\u5e74\u79cb\u56de\u56fd\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u76f8\u7ee7\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u6570\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff0c1957\u5e74\u88ab\u8058\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u90e8\u59d4\u54586)<\/sup>\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u5148\u751f\u5728\u4ee5\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ecd\u6f5c\u5fc3\u7814\u7a76\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u6d53\u5ea6\u6bd4\u7684\u5408\u91d1\u3001\u591a\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u56fa\u6eb6\u4f53\u7279\u522b\u662f\u591a\u5143\u591a\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5b50\u56fa\u6eb6\u4f53\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u5f97\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u679c\u3002\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u4e00\u751f\u6f5c\u5fc3\u5411\u5b66\uff0c\u65e0\u5948\u547d\u9014\u591a\u821b\uff0c\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u671f\u95f4\u53d7\u8feb\u5bb3\u800c\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u627c\u8155\u75db\u60dc\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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3. \u5728\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u6770\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u7684<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e24\u4f4d\u5973\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u738b\u660e\u8d1e\u548c\u738b\u627f\u4e66<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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20\u4e16\u7eaa\u662f\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u5e76\u53d6\u5f97\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\uff0c\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5f97\u5230\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5145\u5b9e\u548c\u6269\u5c55\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7531\u514b\u52b3\u4fee\u65af<\/span> (Clausius)<\/span>\u3001\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6<\/span> (Maxwell)<\/span>\u3001\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc<\/span> (Boltzmann) <\/span>\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u4ece\u4ec5\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u7a00\u8584\u5355\u539f\u5b50\u6c14\u4f53\u88ab\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u56fa\u4f53\u3001\u6db2\u4f53\u548c\u6c14\u4f53\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u8f93\u8fd0\u7279\u6027\u7684\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u5316\u5de5\u3001\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u3001\u80fd\u6e90\u3001\u73af\u5883\u3001\u5927\u6c14\u7b49\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u6210\u4e3a\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u7cbe\u786e\u5904\u7406\u53d7\u968f\u673a\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u6587\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u3001\u901a\u4fe1\u3001\u8ba1\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u5f97\u5230\u5927\u91cf\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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20\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u5973\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u738b\u660e\u8d1e\u548c\u738b\u627f\u4e66\u5728\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u6770\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u4e8c\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5728\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u6c14\u4f53\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5de7\u5408\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u738b\u5148\u751f\u548c\u5f20\u5148\u751f\u90fd\u5e08\u4ece\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bfc\u5e08R. H. Fowler\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u6307\u5bfc\u8fd9\u4e8c\u4f4d\u5973\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba7)<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u660e\u8d1e<\/span> (1906-2010)(\u56fe12)<\/span>\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u82cf\u5dde\u4eba\uff0c1926\u20141930\u5e74\u5148\u5165\u91d1\u9675\u5973\u5b50\u5927\u5b66\u540e\u8f6c\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c1930\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c1932\u5e74\u83b7\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c1932\u20141938\u5e74\u5728\u91d1\u9675\u5973\u5b50\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u6570\u7406\u7cfb\u4efb\u6559\u30021938\u20141942\u5e74\u8d74\u7f8e\u5728\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u751f\uff0c1942\u5e74\u83b7\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u30021943\u20141945\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/span> (MIT) <\/span>\u8f90\u5c04\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4ece\u4e8b\u96f7\u8fbe\u7814\u7a76\u30021947\u20141949\u5e74\u56de\u56fd\u4efb\u4e91\u5357\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u30021949\u20141952\u5e74\u4e8c\u5ea6\u8d74\u7f8e\u5728Notre Dame\u5927\u5b66\u4ece\u4e8b\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u30021955\u5e74\u5f52\u56fd\u540e\u4e00\u76f4\u4efb\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe12 \u9752\u5e74\u65f6\u671f(\u5de6)\u548c\u8001\u5e74\u65f6\u671f(\u53f3)\u7684\u738b\u660e\u8d1e<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u738b\u660e\u8d1e\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u4eceFokker\u2014Planck\u65b9\u7a0b\u548cKramers\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u7c92\u5b50\u548c\u7b80\u5355\u8c10\u632f\u5b50\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u540e\u4e0e\u5bfc\u5e08Uhlenbeck\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u7efc\u8ff0\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u957f\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587<\/span> (Wang M C\uff0cUhlenbeck G E. On the Theory of Brownian Motion II. Review of Modern Physics<\/em>\uff0c1945\uff0c17\uff1a323)(\u56fe13)<\/span>\uff0c\u4eab\u8a89\u56fd\u9645\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u6839\u636e\u738b\u660e\u8d1e1942\u5e74\u5728\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8c\u4eba1943\u20141945\u5e74\u5728MIT\u8f90\u5c04\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7406\u8bba\u7ec4\u4ece\u4e8b\u566a\u58f0\u5206\u6790\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86Uhlenbeck\u4e0eOrnstein\u57281930\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u7efc\u8ff08)<\/sup>\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5bf9\u9ad8\u65af\u578b\u5206\u5e03\u968f\u673a\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe13 \u738b\u660e\u8d1e\u4e0e Uhlenbeck\u7efc\u8ff0\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u9996\u9875<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5bf9\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8d21\u732e\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a(1)\u65e9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u8be6\u5c3d\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u8026\u5408\u8c10\u632f\u5b50\u7684\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u566a\u58f0\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7ebf\u6027\u65e0\u6e90\u7535\u8def\u70ed\u566a\u58f0\u5206\u6790\u5177\u6709\u6307\u5bfc\u610f\u4e49\uff1b(2)\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u968f\u673a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6700\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u6b64\u4e00\u5206\u7c7b\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u540e\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u91c7\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u660e\u8d1e\u4e0eUhlenbeck\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u636eSCI\u5f15\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u8be5\u6587\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u6570\u5df2\u8fbe1900\u6b21\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u5206\u5e03\u5f88\u5e73\uff1a\u4ece2014\u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\u4e0d\u523010\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5df2\u88ab\u5f15\u7528296\u6b21\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7ea630\u6b21\u3002\u5145\u5206\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u738b\u660e\u8d1e\u5148\u751f78\u5e74\u524d\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u660e\u8d1e\u5f52\u56fd\u540e\uff0c1955\u20141966\u5e74\u5728\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u8bb2\u6388\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u6df1\u5f97\u5b66\u751f\u70ed\u7231\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u3002\u4e0d\u6599\u5728\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u671f\u95f4\u7adf\u906d\u9047\u65e0\u5984\u4e4b\u707e\uff0c\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\u5ba1\u67e5\u8fbe5\u5e748\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u597d\u5728\u5979\u80f8\u895f\u5f00\u9614\uff0c\u4ee5\u575a\u6bc5\u4e4b\u7cbe\u795e\u9762\u5bf9\u8270\u96be\uff0c\u559c\u5f97\u957f\u5bff\u3002\u665a\u5e74\u5199\u51fa\u201c\u8f6c\u77ac90\u8f7d\u201d\u56de\u5fc6\u957f\u6587[1]<\/sup>\uff0c\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u594b\u6597\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u627f\u4e66<\/span> (1912\u20141994)<\/span>\uff0c\u6e56\u5317\u6b66\u660c\u4eba\uff0c1934\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\uff0c1934\u20141936\u5e74\u5728\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u751f\uff0c\u83b7\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u30021941\u5e74\u8d74\u7f8e\uff0c1944\u5e74\u83b7\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u540e\u53c8\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e24\u5e74\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u526f\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u66fe\u4e24\u5ea6\u5728\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u76f4\u52301956\u5e74\u56de\u56fd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe14 \u738b\u627f\u4e66(1912\u20141994)<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u738b\u627f\u4e66\u4e0e\u5176\u5bfc\u5e08G. E. Uhlenbeck\u5408\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u591a\u7bc7\u6c14\u4f53\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bba\u6587[2]<\/sup>\u3002\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) \u7528\u534a\u7ecf\u5178\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539Boltzmann\u65b9\u7a0b\u78b0\u649e\u9879\uff0c\u5bfc\u51fa\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u5185\u90e8\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u7684\u591a\u539f\u5b50\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u65b9\u7a0b\uff1b\u7528Chapman\u2014Enskog\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u4fee\u6b63\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u591a\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5b50\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u8f93\u8fd0\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u5355\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5b50\u6c14\u4f53\u6240\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u65b0\u7c98\u6ede\u7cfb\u6570\u2014\u2014\u4f53\u79ef\u7c98\u6ede\u7cfb\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u591a\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5b50\u6c14\u4f53\u5bfc\u70ed\u7cfb\u6570\u4e0e\u5355\u539f\u5b50\u6c14\u4f53\u6709\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u522b <\/span>(\u56fe15)<\/span>\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

(2) \u5bf9\u7ebf\u6027\u5316Boltzmann\u78b0\u649e\u7b97\u5b50\u7684\u672c\u5f81\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u672c\u5f81\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u900f\u5f7b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86Maxwell\u6c14\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ebf\u6027\u5316Boltzmann\u78b0\u649e\u7b97\u5b50\u7684\u672c\u5f81\u51fd\u6570\u5c31\u662f\u7d22\u5357\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

(3) \u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u6c14\u4f53\u4e2d\u58f0\u6ce2\u8272\u6563\u65f6\uff0c\u628a\u8ba1\u7b97\u63a8\u8fdb\u5230\u4e09\u7ea7\u8fd1\u4f3c\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0Maxwell\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u9ad8\u77e9\u58f0\u6ce2\u201d\uff1b<\/span><\/p>\n

(4) \u5bf9\u6fc0\u6ce2\u5c42\u539a\u5ea6\u7b49\u9ad8\u901f\u7a7a\u6c14\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u5927\u91cf\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe15 \u738b\u627f\u4e66\u7b49\u7528\u4fee\u6b63Boltzmann\u65b9\u7a0b\u8ba8\u8bba\u591a\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5b50\u6c14\u4f53\u8f93\u8fd0\u6027\u8d28\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u9875<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\u738b\u627f\u4e66\u7684\u591a\u6570\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u5979\u79bb\u7f8e\u56de\u56fd\u524d\u5747\u4ee5\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u516c\u5f00\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u738b\u79bb\u7f8e\u5f52\u56fd\u540e\uff0cUhlenbeck\u4e3a\u738b\u627f\u4e66\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u6301\u7eed\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u6587\u516c\u5f00\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u62c5\u4efb\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684Studies in Statistical Physics<\/em>\u4e1b\u4e66\u7684\u53772\u548c\u53775\uff0c\u5e76\u8457\u6587\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5e7f\u4e3a\u77e5\u6653\u30021994\u5e74\u5e94\u7eaf\u540c\u7b49\u5c06\u5176\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u8bd1\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u6c14\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u738b\u627f\u4e66\u8bba\u6587\u9009\u96c6\u300b<\/span><\/span>(\u56fe16)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe16\u300a\u6c14\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u738b\u627f\u4e66\u8bba\u6587\u9009\u96c6\u300b\u5c01\u9762<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u627f\u4e66\u7684\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8d21\u732e\u5f97\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u540c\u884c\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4ef7\u548c\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4e0d\u7edd\u3002\u5979\u548cUhlenbeck\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u591a\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5b50\u6c14\u4f53\u52a8\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u738b\u627f\u4e66\u2014Uhlenbeck\u65b9\u7a0b<\/span> (Wang-Chang\u2014Uhlenbeck\u65b9\u7a0b)<\/span> \uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u9ad8\u6e29\u6c14\u4f53\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u6d41\u4f53\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u5206\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u6709\u5173\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\u4e13\u8457\u548c\u6559\u6750\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u7bc7\u7ae0\u800c\u957f\u4f20\u540e\u4e16\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u738b\u627f\u4e661956\u5e74\u56de\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u76f8\u7ee7\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u517c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u6559\u63889)<\/sup>\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u805a\u53d8\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u526f\u4e3b\u4efb\uff0c1961\u5e74\u8d77\u4ece\u4e8b\u94c0\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u5206\u79bb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u56fd\u94c0\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u5206\u79bb\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u6218\u7565\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u7814\u5236\u6210\u529f\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u7279\u6b8a\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u56fd\u94c0\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u5206\u79bb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u30021981\u5e74\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c1994\u5e74\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u901d\u4e16\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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4. \u6768\u632f\u5b81\u548c\u674e\u653f\u9053\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u52a0\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u7c4d\u524d)<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


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\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u548c\u674e\u653f\u9053\u4e8c\u4f4d\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8c\u4eba\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u90fd\u505a\u51fa\u8fc7\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u5148\u751f\u6210\u7ee9\u66f4\u4e3a\u663e\u8457\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e8c\u4eba\u5206\u522b\u4e8e1964\u5e74\u548c1962\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d10)<\/sup>\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u7b97\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u65f6\u505a\u8fc7\u7684\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\u90fd\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe17 \u6768\u632f\u5b81(1922\u2014 )<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe18 \u674e\u653f\u9053(1926\u20142024)<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u5173\u4e8e\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u897f\u5357\u8054\u5927\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u5f97\u5230\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u771f\u4f20\uff0c\u5728\u4e8c\u5143\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u2014\u65e0\u5e8f\u8f6c\u53d8\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u30021946\u5e74\u8d74\u7f8e\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u82b1\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u94bb\u7814Onsager\u4e8c\u7ef4\u4f0a\u8f9b<\/span> (Ising) <\/span>\u6a21\u578b\u51c6\u786e\u89e3\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u96be\u5ea6\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4e8c\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u78c1\u5316\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e861\/8\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u542f\u53d1\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c11)<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ef6\u4e8b\u662f\u6768\u3001\u674e\u4e8c\u4eba\u5173\u4e8e\u6c14\u6db2\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u30021937\u5e74J. E. Mayer\u57fa\u4e8e\u5c06\u4f4d\u529b\u7cfb\u6570\u8868\u793a\u6210\u5206\u5b50\u95f4\u4f5c\u7528\u52bf\u7684\u79ef\u5206\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6c14\u2014\u6db2\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5f97\u5230R. Fowler\uff0cM. Born\u7b49\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5230\u4e861950\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u53d7\u5230\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u30021952\u5e74\uff0c\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u548c\u674e\u653f\u9053\u5408\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u5e76\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e24\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u76f8\u53d8\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8bba\u6587<\/span> (\u56fe19\uff0c\u56fe20) <\/span>\u3002\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u540c\u65f6\u6295\u7a3f\u548c\u53d1\u886812)<\/sup>\u3002\u8bba\u6587\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u6790\u5ef6\u62d3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5de8\u914d\u5206\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u7684\u6839\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u72b6\u6001\u65b9\u7a0b\u548c\u76f8\u53d8\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\u53ef\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u76f8\u7684\u7591\u60d1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u9ad8\u6f6e\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u5706\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u51fa\u5438\u5f15\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u683c\u6c14\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5de8\u914d\u5206\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u96f6\u70b9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u590d\u5e73\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u5706\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6307\u51fa\uff0cMayer\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u4ee5\u96c6\u56e2\u79ef\u5206\u8868\u793a\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u65b9\u7a0b\u53ea\u4e0e\u6c14\u6001\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u4e86\u6c14\u6db2\u76f8\u53d8\uff0c\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86Mayer\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u6c14\u2014\u6db2\u76f8\u53d8\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u53d1\u8868\u540e\u5f15\u8d77\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e13\u95e8\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e86\u4e8c\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe19 \u6768\u2014\u674e\u5173\u4e8e\u6c14\u6db2\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe20 \u674e\u2014\u6768\u5173\u4e8e\u6c14\u6db2\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe21 \u674e\u3001\u6768\u5173\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u7cfb\u5217\u8bba\u6587\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u7684\u6458\u8981<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6768\u3001\u674e\u5728\u52a0\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u7c4d\u540e\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53c8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u57281967\u5e74\u63d0\u51faYang\u2014Baxter\u65b9\u7a0b\u4ee5\u53ca1969\u5e74\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6709\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u6709\u9650\u6e29\u5ea6(T<\/em>>0)\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u89e3\u7b49\uff0c\u56e0\u5df2\u8d85\u51fa\u672c\u6587\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u518d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\u597d\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5df2\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u6587\u7ae0\u8bba\u53ca\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u6b32\u77e5\u5176\u8be6\uff0c\u53ef\u53c2\u9605\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae013)<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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5. \u9a6c\u4e0a\u5e9a\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c1966\u5e74\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7684\u5e74\u4efd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e0d\u5230\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u76f8\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u5927\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee51966\u5e74L. Kadanoff\u5f15\u5165\u56e2\u5757\u6807\u5ea6\u53d8\u6362\u4e3a\u8d77\u59cb\uff0c\u5230K. Wilson\u5f15\u5165\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7fa4\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u4e0d\u5230\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6709\u5173\u76f8\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u7591\u96be\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u900f\u5f7b\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe22 \u9a6c\u4e0a\u5e9a\u5728Review of Modern Physics<\/em>\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u9875<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u57281966\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u70ed\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u8005\u5341\u5206\u6d3b\u8dc3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5e9a14)<\/sup>\u30021972\u20141975\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4efb\u6559\u7684\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5e9a\u5728\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7fa4\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u51fa\u8fc7\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u30021973\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728Review of Modern Physics<\/em>\uff0cVol 45\uff1a589\u53d1\u8868\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7fa4\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0 <\/span>(\u56fe22)<\/span>\uff0c\u5c311\/N<\/em>\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u3001\u6807\u5ea6\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3001\u94c1\u78c1\u548c\u81ea\u65cb\u73bb\u7483\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7b49\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe23 \u9a6c\u4e0a\u5e9a\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u548c\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u5c01\u9762<\/span><\/section>\n

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1976\u5e74\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e13\u8457Modern Theory of Critical Phenomena<\/em><\/span> <\/em>(Benjamin \/ Cummens Pub. Company\uff0c1976)<\/span>\uff0c\u73b0\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u30022016\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u672c<\/span> (\u300a\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u9a6c\u7ea2\u5b7a\u8bd1\uff0c2016)(\u56fe23)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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6. \u201c\u6587\u5316\u9769\u547d\u201d\u65f6\u671f\u5f00\u51fa\u7684\u4e24\u6735\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u82b1<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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1966\u5e74\u6b63\u5f53\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u70ed\u6f6e\u5174\u8d77\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u53f2\u65e0\u524d\u4f8b\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u6d69\u52ab\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u626b\u8361\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u56fd\u6b64\u540e\u5341\u5e74\u5185\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210\u679c\u51e0\u4e4e\u8361\u7136\u65e0\u5b58\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u5e86\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u8fd8\u662f\u5f00\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u6735\u7cbe\u81f4\u7684\u5c0f\u82b1\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe24 \u90dd\u67cf\u6797(1934\u20142018)<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe25 \u4e8e\u6e0c(1937\u2014 )<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5176\u4e00\u4e3a\u4e8e\u6e0c\u3001\u90dd\u67cf\u679715)<\/sup>\u7684\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u76f8\u53d8\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\u56fe\u5c55\u5f00\u201d\u4e00\u6587<\/span> (\u300a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u62a5\u300b(1975\u5e745\u6708)24\u5377\u7b2c3\u671f\uff0c187\u2014199\u9875)(\u56fe26)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe26 \u4e8e\u6e0c\u3001\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u8fde\u7eed\u76f8\u53d8\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\u56fe\u5c55\u5f00\u201d\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u9875<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u76f8\u53d8\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7fa4\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u521d\u671f\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8d21\u732e16)<\/sup>\u30021975\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u66fe\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u3001\u4e86\u89e3\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86John Bardeen\u7b494\u4f4d\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u3002\u5728\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u603b\u7ed3\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u201c\u7269\u7406\u6240\u78c1\u5b66\u7ec4\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u590d\u6742\u3001\u6709\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u76f8\u53d8\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u7528\u7684\u662f\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7fa4\u548c\u56fe\u89e3\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u53ca\u82cf\u8054\u5f53\u4ee3\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u591a\u6570\u56fa\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u5173\u6ce8\u7ecf\u5178\u53ca\u534a\u7ecf\u5178\u552f\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u201d\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e8e\u6e0c\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4f5c\u4e86\u9976\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u56de\u5fc6[4]<\/sup>\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u4e0d\u59a8\u4e00\u8bfb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5176\u4e8c\u4e3a\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u4e0e\u4e24\u4f4d\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u8054\u5408\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u7ef4\u6676\u683c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u89e3\u201d<\/span>(\u300a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u62a5\u300b(1978\u5e741\u6708)27\u5377\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c47\u201462\u9875)(\u56fe27)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe27 \u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u7b49\u201c\u4e09\u7ef4\u6676\u683c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u89e3\u201d\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u9875<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u81eaL. Onsager\u4e8e1944\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u957f\u65b9\u683c\u5b50\u4e0a\u4e8c\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u89e3\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u53d8\uff0c\u6811\u7acb\u8d77\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u51b3\u6216\u5ba3\u79f0\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4e09\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u89e3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7136\u800c\u636e\u6211\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u529f\u768417)<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fc7\u6c42\u89e3\u4e09\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u4eba\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u7a7a\u624b\u800c\u5f52\u8005\u3002\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u521d\u671f\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e8c\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\u89e3\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u56db\u5143\u6570\u505a\u8f6c\u79fb\u6982\u7387\u7684\u4e09\u7ef4\u65e0\u89c4\u884c\u8d70\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u4e25\u683c\u89e3\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u5230\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e8c\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4ed6\u591a\u5e74\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u8bb8\u4ee5\u8d85\u3001\u77f3\u8d6b\u4e24\u4f4d\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u8fd1\u4f3c\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u5148\u751f\u66fe\u7528\u4e09\u4e2a\u534a\u5929\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u73ed\u4e0a\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e8c\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\u7684Onsager\u548cKaufmann\u89e3\u3002\u738b\u5148\u751f\u6700\u540e\u8bf4\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e09\u7ef4\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u5f97\u5230\u768418)<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u4e8e\u6e0c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5728\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\u4ecd\u7136\u505a\u51fa\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u4e00\u53e5\u8001\u8bdd\uff1a\u201c\u673a\u4f1a\u662f\u7559\u7ed9\u6709\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u201d\u3002\u539f\u6765\uff0c\u4ece1959\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7406\u8bba\u5ba4\u805a\u96c6\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u6279\u5bf9\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u9648\u6625\u5148\u5b66\u6d3e\u201d19)<\/sup>\uff0c\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u4e8e\u6e0c\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5728\u6587\u9769\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5df2\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u548c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u4e86\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7269\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u968f\u963f\u5e03\u91cc\u79d1\u7d22\u592b<\/span> (Abrikosov) <\/span>\u505a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e8e1962\u5e74\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86Abrikosov\u7b49\u4e09\u4eba\u5408\u8457\u7684\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c1963\u5e74\u7531\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248<\/span> (\u56fe28)<\/span>\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5bf9\u573a\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u638c\u63e1\u3002\u6545\u800c\u5f53\u673a\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u56fe28 \u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248(1963\uff0c2014)\u5c01\u9762<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

7. \u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u5bf9\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8d21\u732e<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd0\u7528\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6211\u56fd\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u5148\u751f\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d20)<\/sup>\u3002\u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u5728\u957f\u671f\u79d1\u7814\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u8fd0\u7528\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u5728\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u56fe29 \u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d(1924\u20142014)<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
(1)1954\u5e74\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e2d\u5b50\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u65e0\u9650\u957f\u9ed1\u5706\u67f1\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u7684\u7c73\u5c14\u6069<\/span> (Milne) <\/span>\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7403\u8c10\u51fd\u6570\u5c55\u5f00\u8fd1\u4f3c\u89e3\u3002l955\u5e74\u5e95\u81f31956\u5e74\u4e2d\u53c2\u52a0\u63a5\u53d7\u82cf\u8054\u63f4\u52a9\u6211\u56fd\u91cd\u6c34\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65f6\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u7ed3\u6784\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u975e\u5747\u5300\u6027\u5bf9\u5806\u4e2d\u4e2d\u5b50\u8f93\u8fd0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u82cf\u8054\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u6240\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u5c3a\u5bf8\u6570\u636e\u6709\u8bef\u5e76\u5728\u8be5\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u7684\u4e34\u754c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
(2)\u57281960\u20141965\u5e74\u5f00\u5c55\u6c22\u5f39\u9884\u7814\u65f6\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u6781\u9ad8\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u8d77\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u8f7b\u6838\u3001\u91cd\u6838\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u3001\u4e2d\u5b50\u548c\u5149\u5b50\u7b49\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6cbf\u7528\u901a\u5e38\u6c14\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bba\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684Boltzmann\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a8\u5e7f\uff0c\u4f7f\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\u80fd\u6b63\u786e\u53cd\u6620\u7c92\u5b50\u95f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8d77\u5404\u79cd\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u30021961\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u8d77\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u6df7\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bba\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u5199\u51fa\u5305\u542b\u591a\u4f53\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u5e7f\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bba\u65b9\u7a0b\u7ec4\u3002\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e86\u5e26\u4e2d\u5b50\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\u548c\u53cd\u5e94\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\u7ec4\u3002\u540e\u8005\u662f\u6838\u5f39\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u7528\u5230\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u7a0b\u7ec4\u4e4b\u4e0021)<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
(3)1982\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u6307\u5bfc\u535a\u58eb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u4e01\u9102\u6c5f\u5bf9\u7a00\u8584\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u8f93\u8fd0\u548c\u5f1b\u8c6b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u4e0e\u901f\u5ea6\u53d8\u91cf\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5085\u6c0f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0cBoltzmann\u65b9\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5947\u5f02\u6270\u52a8\u65b9\u6cd5\u6c42\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6240\u5f97\u5bf9\u5c0f\u514b\u52aa\u68ee<\/span> (Knudsen) <\/span>\u6570\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u6d88\u53bb\u4e45\u671f\u9879\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86Boltzmann\u65b9\u7a0b\u6c42\u89e3\u65f6\u4e45\u671f\u9879\u96be\u4ee5\u6d88\u53bb\u8fd9\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u96be\u9898\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u5404\u7ea7\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e2d\u90fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u7eb3\u7ef4\u2014\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65af<\/span> (Navier\u2014Stokes) <\/span>\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\u7ec4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f15\u5230\u7269\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684Burnett\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7cfb\u7edf\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5f1b\u8c6b\u884c\u4e3a<\/span> (\u56fe30)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u56fe30 \u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u3001\u4e01\u9102\u6c5f\u5173\u4e8eBoltzmann\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u5947\u5f02\u6270\u52a8\u89e3\u6cd5\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/section>\n
\u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u5728\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u603b\u7ed3\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u672c\u4e13\u8457\u4e2d\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\uff1a\u300a\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u300b<\/span>(\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1983\u5e74\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2007\u5e74\uff0c2014\u5e74)<\/span>\u548c\u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u3001\u4e01\u9102\u6c5f\uff1a\u300a\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\u300b<\/span>(\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1987\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\uff0c2008\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248)(\u56fe31)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u56fe31 \u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u4e24\u672c\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u300b\u548c\u300a\u8f93\u8fd0\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\u7684\u5c01\u9762<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
<\/svg><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n

8. \u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201c\u56db\u4eba\u5e2e\u201d\u7684<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/p>\n

\u6587\u9769\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\uff0c\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u2014\u2014\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u628aJ. Schwinger\u57281961\u5e74\u5efa\u8bae\u3001\u540e\u6765\u7531L. Keldysh\u3001R. Mills\u52a0\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e00\u5957\u5b8c\u6574\u4e14\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u7edf\u4e00\u5904\u7406\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u540c\u884c\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u56fe32 \u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u3001\u4e8e\u6e0c\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55\u300b\u5c01\u9762<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9274\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u5bf9\u6211\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u4e2d\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u548c\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u6df1\u91cd\uff0c\u6545\u6587\u9769\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u76841978\u5e74\u5728\u5e90\u5c71\u53ec\u5f00\u4e2d\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u5e74\u4f1a\u65f6\uff0c\u51e0\u4f4d\u6709\u8bc6\u4e4b\u58eb\u4e13\u95e8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f1a\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7531\u591a\u4f4d\u5728\u6587\u9769\u671f\u95f4\u4ecd\u523b\u82e6\u8ddf\u8e2a\u56fd\u9645\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6587\u9769\u4ee5\u6765\u56fd\u9645\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e8e\u6e0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7fa4\u5728\u76f8\u53d8\u548c\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5468\u5149\u53ec\u548c\u82cf\u8087\u51b0\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e86\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u65b9\u6cd522)<\/sup>\uff0c\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u4ee5\u201c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5fae\u6270\u8bba\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6cdb\u51fd\u201d\u4e3a\u9898\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u7684\u6709\u5173\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u970d\u88d5\u5e73\u4f5c\u4e86\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7edf\u8ba1\u6982\u8ff0\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u7531\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u4e8e\u6e0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62a5\u544a\u7f16\u8f91\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u4ee5\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55\u300b\u4e3a\u4e66\u540d\u7531\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248<\/span> (\u56fe32)<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u5bf9\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6211\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u8d77\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe33 \u5468\u5149\u53ec(1929\u2014 )<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u5468\u5149\u53ec<\/span> (\u56fe33)<\/span>\u3001\u82cf\u8087\u51b0<\/span> (\u56fe34)<\/span>\u3001\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u4e8e\u6e0c\u56db\u4eba\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u957f\u8fbe8\u5e74\u7684\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u8bfe\u9898\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe34 \u82cf\u8087\u51b0(1937\u2014 )<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u65e9\u57281977\u5e7411\u6708\u5168\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u89c4\u5212\u4f1a\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u539f\u5728\u4e8c\u673a\u90e8\u4ece\u4e8b\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5468\u5149\u53ec\u5c31\u5efa\u8bae\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7269\u7406\u6240\u7684\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u4e8e\u6e0c\u53c2\u52a0\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5728\u4e8c\u673a\u90e8\u4e5d\u6240\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u82cf\u8087\u51b0\u5df2\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u628a\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5e73\u8861\u548c\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u30021978\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u56db\u4eba\u76f8\u7ee7\u8c03\u5165\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u6240\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7531\u8be5\u6240\u201c\u56db\u4eba\u5e2e\u201d\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u91cf\u5b50\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff0c\u4ece1978\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u52301986\u5e74\u7684\u516b\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf91960\u5e74\u4ee3\u7531Schwinger\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u505a\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8868\u8ff0\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5e76\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u91cf\u5b50\u8f93\u8fd0\u3001\u6dec\u706b\u65e0\u5e8f\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u6fc0\u5149\u3001\u7b49\u79bb\u5b50\u4f53\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u65b0\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u95ed\u5408\u65f6\u95f4\u56de\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u79ef\u5206\u548c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u751f\u6210\u6cdb\u51fd\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001(\u6216\u5e73\u8861\u6001)\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5b83\u7684\u6709\u6548\u62c9\u6c0f\u91cf\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u628a\u7ecf\u5178\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6f14\u5316\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6da8\u843d(\u5173\u8054)\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u56e0\u7d20\u660e\u663e\u5730\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u91cf\u5b50\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u7c7b\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6216\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u975e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u91cf\u5b50\u591a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u573a\u8bba\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6c42\u89e3\u5e8f\u53c2\u91cf\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u81ea\u6d3d\u65b9\u7a0b\u7ec4\u3002\u5bf9\u591a\u65f6\u7a7a\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7528\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u65b9\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4f4e\u9891\u3001\u957f\u6ce2\u6781\u9650\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u4e34\u754c\u73b0\u8c61\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63cf\u8ff0\u65e2\u5145\u5206\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u6da8\u843d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7528\u95ed\u8def\u683c\u6797\u51fd\u6570\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u91cf\u5b50\u8f93\u8fd0\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u662f\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6709\u6548\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe35 \u5468\u5149\u53ec\u7b49\u56db\u4eba\u520a\u4e8ePhysics Report<\/em>\u4e0a\u7684\u957f\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u9875<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec4\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u66fe\u603b\u7ed3\u5728Physics Reports<\/em>\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u5e73\u8861\u4e0e\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\u201d\u7684\u957f\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff023)<\/sup>\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd(\u56fe35)\u3002\u5e94\u5f53\u8bf4\uff0c\u5468\u3001\u82cf\u3001\u90dd\u3001\u4e8e\u56db\u4eba\u7684\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u6240\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u56fe36 \u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53f2\u5de8\u8457\u300a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u53ca\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e24\u7ae0\u9996\u9875<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8bb2\u8ff020\u4e16\u7eaa\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e09\u5377\u672c\u5de8\u8457\u300a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u300b<\/span>(\u56fe36) <\/span>\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u5173\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e24\u7ae0\u5185\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e0a\u767e\u4f4d\u6709\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u63d0\u53ca\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u5b5724)<\/sup>\u3002\u767e\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5409\u5e03\u65af<\/span> (Gibbs)<\/span>\u3001\u80fd\u65af\u7279<\/span> (Nernst)<\/span>\u3001\u6602\u8428\u683c<\/span> (Onsager)<\/span>\u3001\u6717\u9053<\/span> (Landau)<\/span>\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u900a<\/span> (Wilson)<\/span>\u3001\u4e45\u4fdd\u4eae\u4e94\u3001Prigogine\u3001\u535a\u6208\u7559\u6ce2\u592b<\/span> (Bogoliubov)<\/span>\u3001\u4e4c\u4f26\u8d1d\u514b<\/span> (Uhlenbeck) <\/span>\u7b49\u5927\u5e08\u7ea7\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ab2\u7f8e\u7684\u72ec\u521b\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e00\u5149\u8363\u4f7f\u547d\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u8d23\u65e0\u65c1\u8d37\u5730\u843d\u5728\u4e86\u5728\u5ea7\u8bf8\u541b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bd4\u4f60\u4eec\u66f4\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u540e\u6765\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u6b63\u662f\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6ce8\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
1) <\/strong>\u4e01\u897f\u6797(1893\u20141974)\u539f\u540d\u4e01\u71ee\u6797\uff0c\u5b57\u5dfd\u752b\u3002\u6c5f\u82cf\u7701\u6cf0\u5174\u4eba\u30021913\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u4ea4\u901a\u90e8\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e13\u95e8\u5b66\u6821(\u4e0a\u6d77\u4ea4\u901a\u5927\u5b66\u524d\u8eab)\uff0c1914\u5e74\u5165\u82f1\u56fd\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u5927\u5b66\u653b\u8bfb\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u30021919\u5e74\u5f52\u56fd\uff0c\u5386\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u6559\u6388(1919\u20141926)\u3001\u56fd\u7acb\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u957f(1928\u20141946)\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u6559\u6388(1947\u20141949)\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u52a1\u957f(1948)\u3002\u4e01\u897f\u6797\u91cd\u89c6\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5728\u7269\u7406\u6559\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u548c\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5bf9\u5317\u5927\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u8d21\u732e\u826f\u591a\uff0c\u4e3a\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e2d\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u6211\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u521d\u3001\u9ad8\u4e2d\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bfe\u672c\uff0c1935\u20141937\u5e74\u66fe\u9886\u5bfc\u5236\u4f5c\u4e0a\u5343\u5957\u9ad8\u3001\u521d\u4e2d\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4eea\u5668\uff0c\u7531\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u7edf\u8d2d\u5206\u53d1\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u4e2d\u5b66\u3002\u4e01\u897f\u6797\u957f\u671f\u62c5\u4efb\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u957f\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u5e7f\u96c6\u4eba\u624d\u3001\u82e6\u5fc3\u7ecf\u8425\u4e0b\uff0c\u8be5\u6240\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u6210\u7ee9\u3002\u4e01\u897f\u6797\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6709\u540d\u7684\u5267\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u540e\u4efb\u6587\u5316\u90e8\u526f\u90e8\u957f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
2) <\/strong>\u845b\u6b63\u6743(1896\u20141988)\uff0c\u5b57\u79c9\u8861\uff0c\u522b\u53f7\u845b\u8821\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u4e1c\u9633\u53bf\u4eba\u30021920\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u5357\u4eac\u9ad8\u7b49\u5e08\u8303\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u5728\u672c\u6821\u5de5\u79d1\u4e0e\u53a6\u95e8\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u4efb\u52a9\u6559\u30021929\u5e74\u8d74\u7f8e\uff0c1930\u5e74\u83b7\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\uff0c1933\u5e74\u5728\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u83b7\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u30021934\u20141938\u5e74\u4efb\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u5168\u56fd\u5168\u9762\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u6295\u7b14\u4ece\u620e\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u822a\u7a7a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6c14\u4f53\u5236\u9020\u6240\u6240\u957f\uff0c\u540e\u4efb\u5236\u6c27\u603b\u5382\u5382\u957f\uff0c\u6297\u6218\u80dc\u5229\u540e\u4efb\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u56fd\u9632\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u5c55\u5385\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5904\u5904\u957f\u517c\u96f7\u8fbe\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u957f\u30021949\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u5730\u4e0b\u515a\u53ca\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u9769\u547d\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u6267\u884c\u4f2a\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u5c06\u8be5\u6240\u8fc1\u53f0\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e26\u9886\u96f7\u8fbe\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u5c06\u8be5\u6240\u53ca\u6240\u5c5e\u6570\u767e\u53f0\u96f7\u8fbe\u8f66\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u7559\u7ed9\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u519b\u6709\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u9632\u7a7a\u96f7\u8fbe\u8bbe\u5907\u30021951\u5e74\u540e\u4efb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u519b\u533b\u5927\u5b66\u6570\u7406\u6559\u7814\u5ba4\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
3) <\/strong>1934\u5e74\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u5927\u5b66\u7684W. Bragg\u548cE. Williams\u5229\u7528\u5e73\u5747\u573a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e8c\u5143\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u2014\u65e0\u5e8f\u76f8\u53d8\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u30021935\u5e74\u6b63\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u8eb2\u907f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684Hans Bethe\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u8fd1\u90bb\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u540e\uff0c\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3aBethe\u8fd1\u4f3c\u6216Bethe\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4e4b\u540eGugenheim\u548cFowler\u53c8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u51c6\u5316\u5b66\u8fd1\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u6210\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u524d\u6cbf\u70ed\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
4) <\/strong>Sir Ralph Howard Fowler(1889\u20141944)\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5929\u4f53\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\uff0c1925\u5e74\u88ab\u9009\u5165\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\uff0c1932\u5e74\u8d77\u4efb\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u4ec0\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u4e3b\u6301\u4eba\uff0c1942\u5e74\u5c01\u7235\u3002\u8457\u6709\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u300b\u548c\u300a\u7edf\u8ba1\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u300b(\u4e0eGugenheim\u5408\u8457)\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u6d3e\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4e09\u4f4d\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u548c15\u4f4d\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u8d6b\u8d6b\u6709\u540d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u521b\u7acb\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00Paul Dirac\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
5) <\/strong>\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u56de\u56fd\u540e\u4e45\u4e0d\u5f52\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fdc\u5728\u4e2d\u65e5\u4ea4\u6218\u533a\u57df\u6e56\u5317\u516c\u5b89\u8001\u5bb6\u7684\u592b\u4eba\u6d82\u798f\u7389\u5973\u58eb\u4e0d\u60e7\u5371\u9669\u3001\u4e0d\u8fdc\u5343\u91cc\u3001\u5386\u5c3d\u9669\u963b\uff0c\u72ec\u81ea\u4e00\u4eba\u524d\u5f80\u4e91\u5357\u6606\u660e\u5bfb\u592b\uff0c\u7ec8\u5f97\u56e2\u5706\u3002\u8be6\u89c1\uff1a\u738b\u6b63\u884c. \u4e25\u8c28\u4e0e\u7b80\u6d01\u4e4b\u7f8e\uff1a\u738b\u7af9\u6eaa\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8ffd\u6c42. \u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2008\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
6)<\/strong>\u5f20\u5b97\u71e7\u5148\u751f\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u548c\u5f00\u62d3\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u7279\u522b\u662f\u9ad8\u9636\u5fae\u5546\u3001\u9ad8\u81ea\u65cb\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u72ec\u6709\u521b\u89c1\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u591a\u9879\u5f53\u65f6\u56fd\u9645\u5148\u8fdb\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6210\u679c\u300240\u201460\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u573a\u8bba\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u7fa4\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3001\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u8272\u6563\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u5c42\u5b50\u6a21\u578b\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u4f5c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u591a\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
7)<\/strong>\u5979\u4eec\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u5bfc\u5e08\u90fd\u662f\u8377\u5170\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4c\u4f26\u8d1d\u514b(G. E. Uhlenbeck)(1900\u20141988)\uff0cUhlenbeck\u56e0\u5728\u5e08\u4eceP. Ehrenfest\u4ece\u4e8b\u5149\u8c31\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\u671f\u4e0e\u540c\u5b66S. A. Goudsmit\u4e8e1925\u5e74\u4e00\u8d77\u63d0\u51fa\u7535\u5b50\u81ea\u65cb\u800c\u540d\u8457\u4e8e\u5b66\u754c\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u5bf920\u4e16\u7eaa\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u6770\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u88ab\u4eba\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u8fc7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u201d\u3002Uhlenbeck\u4e00\u751f\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3aEhrenfest\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u548cBoltzmann\u7684\u5f92\u5b59\u4e3a\u8363\uff0c\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u7279\u522b\u662f\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5bf9\u63a8\u52a8Boltzmann\u5f00\u8f9f\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u4e86\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
8) <\/strong>Uhlenbeck G E\uff0cOrnstein L S. On the Theory of the Brownian Motion. Phys. Rev.<\/em>\uff0c1930\uff0c36\uff1a823\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
9) <\/strong>\u738b\u5148\u751f\u665a\u5e74\u8fd8\u517c\u4efb\u4e86\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u5927\u8fde\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u517c\u804c\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
10) <\/strong>\u674e\u653f\u90531962\u5e74\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u7c4d\u3002\u6768\u632f\u5b811964\u5e74\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c2015\u5e74\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
11) <\/strong>\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u7684\u6b64\u4e00\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3aYang C N. The Spontaneous Magnetization of a Two-Dimensional Ising Model. Phys. Rev<\/em>.\uff0c1952\uff0c85\uff1a808\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u5efa\u8bae\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7559\u5b66\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5f20\u627f\u4fee\u7814\u7a76\u957f\u65b9\u5f62\u683c\u5b50\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8c\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f20\u5f97\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u666e\u9002\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6768\u66fe\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u5357\u5f00\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u8bb2\u6f14\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u57281951\u5e74\u6211\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u4f0a\u8f9b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u6676\u683c\u7684\u78c1\u5316\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\u6211\u5230\u897f\u96c5\u56fe\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u53bb\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u6709\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\uff0c\u5373\u5f20\u627f\u4fee\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6b66\u6c49\u3002\u6211\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u6211\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u65b9\u578b\u7684\u6676\u683c\u505a\u540c\u4e00\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e5f\u5f88\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u65b9\u6676\u683c\u8ba1\u7b97\u7528\u8fc7\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u642c\u6765\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8981\u6539\u4e00\u6539\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4ed6\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u628a\u7ed3\u679c\u5f97\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u5c3e\u5df4\u4e0a\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u65b9\u6676\u683c\u548c\u957f\u65b9\u5f62\u6676\u683c\u5f97\u51fa\u540c\u4e00\u03b2\u503c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u90fd\u662f1\/8\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5177\u6709\u666e\u9002\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u4e0a\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u201d[3]<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
12) <\/strong>\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e3a\uff1aYang C N\uff0cLee T D. Phys. Rev.<\/em>\uff0c1952\uff0c87\uff1a404\u53caLee T D\uff0cYang C N. Phys. Rev.<\/em>\uff0c1952\uff0c87\uff1a410\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u59d3\u540d\u6392\u5e8f\u662f\u98a0\u5012\u8fc7\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
13) <\/strong>\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u65bd\u90c1. \u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e4b\u7f8e\uff1a\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u768413\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\u8d21\u732e. \u7269\u7406\uff0c2014\uff0c43\uff1a57\u201462\uff1b\u845b\u58a8\u6797. \u6768\u632f\u5b81\u5148\u751f\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6210\u5c31. \u7269\u7406\uff0c2021\uff0c50\uff1a598\u2014609\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u672c\u4eba\u5c31\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u4f53\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8c08\u8bdd\u8bb0\u5f55[3]<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
14)<\/strong>\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5e9a(1940\u20141983)\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u5e73\u9633\u53bf\u4eba\uff0c1940\u5e74\u751f\u4e8e\u91cd\u5e86\uff0c\u5176\u7236\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u65e5\u62a5\u793e\u793e\u957f\u9a6c\u661f\u91ce\uff0c1949\u5e74\u968f\u7236\u53bb\u53f0\uff0c1958\u5e74\u7559\u5b66\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c1966\u5e74\u83b7\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u540e\u5728\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u5723\u5730\u4e9a\u54e5\u5206\u6821\u4efb\u6559\uff0c1983\u5e74\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u4ec5\u4eab\u5e7443\u5c81\u3002\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5e9a\u540e\u6765\u5165\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u534e\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6b64\u5904\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u65f6\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
15) <\/strong>\u90dd\u67cf\u6797(1934\u20142018)\uff0c\u6cb3\u5317\u6b63\u5b9a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u6240\u6240\u957f\uff1b\u4e8e\u6e0c(1937\u2014 )\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u9547\u6c5f\u4eba\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u610f\u5927\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u5fc3\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7406\u8bba\u7ec4\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
16) <\/strong>\u6587\u7ae0\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u662f\uff1a1971\u5e74\u6797\u5f6a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u5468\u603b\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u4e0b\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u5341\u5e74\u52a8\u4e71\u671f\u95f4\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u79d1\u6280\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u5f97\u4ee5\u5e94\u9080\u53c2\u52a0\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u5e74\u4f1a\uff0c\u542c\u53d6\u4e86M. Fisher\u6709\u5173\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7fa4\u548c\u03b5\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u56de\u56fd\u540e\u4ed6\u548c\u4e8e\u6e0c\u8ba4\u771f\u94bb\u7814\u4e86Wilson\u5173\u4e8e\u91cd\u6b63\u5316\u7fa4\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u7ecf\u8270\u82e6\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e8e\u6e0c\u4e00\u8d77\u91c7\u7528\u573a\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u9aa8\u67b6\u56fe\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b97\u51fa\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u4e34\u754c\u6307\u6570\u7684\u9ad8\u9636\u9879\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u4e8e1973\u5e74\u6210\u6587\uff0c1975\u5e74\u624d\u5728\u521a\u590d\u520a\u7684\u300a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
17) <\/strong>\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u540c\u5fd7\u66fe\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u5b9e\u540d\u535a\u5ba2[5]<\/sup>\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fc7\u6709\u5173\u5386\u53f2\uff1a\u201c\u5e74\u9752\u7684Luttinger\u66fe\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9Onsager\uff0c\u60f3\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6c42\u89e3\u4e09\u7ef4\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u3002Onsager\u56de\u4fe1\u8bf4\uff0c\u7528\u6211\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u4e09\u7ef4\u4f0a\u8f9b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7b49\u4e8e\u96f6\u30021950\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u56fd\u9645\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u6709\u4eba\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u7ef4\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u2018\u89e3\u2019\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7acb\u5373\u4ece\u5ea7\u4f4d\u4e0a\u8df3\u8d77\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u6709\u6d41\u8a00\u76db\u4f20\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e74\u9752\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4e09\u7ef4\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u76f4\u5230Onsager\u4e13\u7a0b\u53bb\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u4f20\u8a00\u624d\u9500\u58f0\u533f\u8ff9\u3002\u90a3\u4f4d\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\u53ebJohn Maddox\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5931\u671b\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u6539\u505a\u79d1\u5b66\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u529f\u5730\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u4e3b\u7f16\u3002\u9000\u4f11\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u738b\u8d50\u5c01Sir\u5934\u8854\u30021985\u5e74Maddox\u8bbf\u95ee\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5f53\u9762\u6838\u5bf9\u4e86\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\u30021978\u5e74\u66fe\u7ecf\u4f20\u95fb\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5c16\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u7684Polyakov\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4e09\u7ef4\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e45\u5c31\u70df\u6d88\u4e91\u6563\uff0cPolyakov\u8f6c\u53bb\u505a\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u201d\u5341\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u66fe\u520a\u767b\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u67d0\u5b66\u8005\u89e3\u51b3\u4e09\u7ef4Ising\u6a21\u578b\u51c6\u786e\u89e3\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u4e13\u5bb6M. Fisher\u548c\u4f0d\u6cd5\u5cb3\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
18) <\/strong>\u53ef\u60dc\u738b\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8bdd\u6ca1\u6709\u4e66\u9762\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u53ea\u7559\u5728\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u8ba8\u8bba\u73ed\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
19) <\/strong>\u9648\u6625\u5148(1934\u20142004)\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u6210\u90fd\u4eba\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c1959\u5e74\u4ece\u82cf\u8054\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f\u5373\u968f\u4ece\u535a\u6208\u7559\u6ce2\u592b\u9662\u58eb\u7814\u7a76\u8d85\u5bfc\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\uff0c\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u520a\u7269JETP\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u6545\u56de\u56fd\u540e\u56e2\u7ed3\u8d77\u4e00\u6279\u9752\u5e74\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6279\u4eba\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u9648\u6625\u5148\u3001\u9648\u5f0f\u521a\u3001\u970d\u88d5\u5e73\u3001\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5403\u4e0d\u9971\u809a\u5b50\u76841960\u5e74\u5728\u7269\u7406\u6240\u5927\u697c\u9876\u4e0a\u7684\u7535\u68af\u95f4\u65c1\u8fb9\u7684\u5c0f\u5c4b\u91cc\u8ba8\u8bba\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c1961\u5e74\uff0c\u4e8e\u6e0c\u4ece\u82cf\u8054\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u3002\u52301966\u5e74\u201c\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u201d\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u56fa\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u9886\u57df\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u6570\u91cf\u4e2d\uff0c\u9648\u6625\u5148\u6709\u8fc7\u201c\u4e09\u5206\u5929\u4e0b\u6709\u5176\u4e8c\u201d\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u4f30\u8ba1\u3002\u56fd\u5185\u7269\u7406\u754c\u66fe\u620f\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u201c\u9648\u6625\u5148\u5b66\u6d3e\u201d(\u636e\u90dd\u67cf\u6797\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u79f0\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8d75\u51ef\u534e\u5148\u751f\u8d77\u7684)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u9664\u4e861980\u5e74\u5c31\u4e0b\u6d77\u521b\u529e\u6c11\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u9648\u6625\u5148\u5916\uff0c\u90fd\u5148\u540e\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5355\u4f4d\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
20) <\/strong>\u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d(1924\u20142014)\uff0c\u6e56\u5357\u957f\u6c99\u4eba\u30021944\u5e74\u5165\u897f\u5357\u8054\u5408\u5927\u5b66\uff0c1948\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\u5148\u5e08\u4ece\u94b1\u4e09\u5f3a\u5b66\u4e60\u6838\u4e73\u80f6\u5236\u4f5c\uff0c\u540e\u968f\u5f6d\u6853\u6b66\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\uff0c1950\u5e74\u83b7\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u5e76\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u76f8\u7ee7\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e2d\u5b50\u8f93\u8fd0\u3001\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u7406\u8bba\u4ee5\u53ca\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u548c\u6c22\u5f39\u7684\u9884\u5148\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7acb\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u529f\u52cb\u30021980\u5e74\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7814\u7a76\u4efb\u52a1\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u8f6c\u5165\u6559\u80b2\u6218\u7ebf\uff0c\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c1980\u5e74\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u90e8\u59d4\u5458\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
21) <\/strong>\u5728\u6c22\u5f39\u9884\u7814\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u8fd8\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u9ad8\u6e29\u9ad8\u538b\u70ed\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5b50\u8f93\u8fd0\u65b9\u7a0b\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5b50\u5728\u9ad8\u6e29\u8f7b\u4ecb\u8d28\u4e2d\u7684\u8f93\u8fd0\u300b\u3001\u300a\u9ad8\u901f\u8fd0\u52a8\u4ecb\u8d28\u4e2d\u4e2d\u5b50\u8f93\u8fd0\u7684\u65b0\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u5b50\u8f93\u8fd0\u5bf9\u4ecb\u8d28\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6709\u5173\u52a8\u7406\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u8bba\u6587[6]<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
22) <\/strong>\u5468\u5149\u53ec\uff0c\u6e56\u5357\u957f\u6c99\u4eba\uff0c1929\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7acb\u6709\u5927\u529f\uff0c\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u957f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3002\u82cf\u8087\u51b0\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u82cf\u5dde\u4eba\uff0c1937\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u5728\u51dd\u805a\u6001\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u957f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
23) <\/strong>\u8fd9\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\u957f\u8fbe131\u9875\uff1aZhou K C\uff0cSu Z B\uff0cHao B L\uff0cYu L. Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium formalisms made unified. Physics Reports<\/em>\uff0c1985\uff0c118(1\/2)\uff1a1\u2014131\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u53d1\u5e03SCI\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4fe1\u606f\u7814\u7a76\u6240(ISI)\u66fe\u7ed9\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u9881\u53d1\u4e861981\u20141989\u5e74\u95f4\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5f15\u6587\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
24) <\/strong>\u5728\u8be5\u4e66\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae07.5.7\u8282\u8bb2\u8ff0\u6c14\u4f53\u51dd\u805a\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\uff0c\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u548c\u674e\u653f\u9053\u5173\u4e8e\u683c\u6c14\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e25\u683c\u5b9a\u7406[7]<\/sup>\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u4e66\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae08.2.2\u8282\u8bb2\u8ff0\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u514b\u62c9\u9ed8\u65af(Kramers)\u65b9\u7a0b\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u738b\u660e\u8d1e\u4e0eUhlenbeck\u90a3\u7bc7\u6709\u540d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0[8]<\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
[1] \u738b\u660e\u8d1e. \u7269\u7406\uff0c2006\uff0c35(3)\uff1a174<\/span><\/section>\n
[2] \u5e94\u7eaf\u540c\uff0c\u5f20\u5b58\u9547 \u8bd1. \u6c14\u4f53\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u738b\u627f\u4e66\u8bba\u6587\u9009\u96c6. \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1994<\/span><\/section>\n
[3] \u6768\u632f\u5b81 \u8457\uff0c\u5f20\u5960\u5b99 \u8bd1 . \u6211\u5bf9\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u591a\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u9a8c\u300a\u6768\u632f\u5b81\u6587\u96c6\u300b(\u4e0b). \u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1998. pp. 654\u2014666<\/span><\/section>\n
[4] \u4e8e\u6e0c. \u7269\u7406\uff0c2014\uff0c43\uff1a403<\/span><\/section>\n
[5] \u90dd\u67cf\u6797. \u4f0a\u8f9b(Ising)\u6a21\u578b\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6545\u4e8b. 2007\u5e745\u67084\u65e5\u79d1\u5b66\u7f51\u5b9e\u540d\u535a\u5ba2<\/span><\/section>\n
[6] \u9648\u96c1 . \u60ee\u601d\u6c42\u706b\u79cd\uff0c\u6df1\u60c5\u5bc4\u6728\u94ce\u2014\u2014\u9ec4\u7956\u6d3d\u4f20 . \u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4ea4\u901a\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2017. pp. 224\u2014225<\/span><\/section>\n
[7] Brown L M\uff0cPais A\uff0cPipard B \u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c\u5218\u5bc4\u661f \u4e3b\u8bd1 . 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7269\u7406\u5b66(\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377).\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2014\uff0cp.466<\/span><\/section>\n
[8] Brown L M\uff0cPais A\uff0cPipard B \u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c\u5218\u5bc4\u661f \u4e3b\u8bd1 . 20 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7269\u7406\u5b66(\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377).\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2014\uff0cp.511<\/span><\/section>\n
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AI By Complexity\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/strong>
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\u5927\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u591a\u6a21\u6001\u3001\u591a\u667a\u80fd\u4f53\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u53d8\u4f53\u5728AI\u5927\u821e\u53f0\u5404\u663e\u8eab\u624b\u3002\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u9886\u57df\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d8c\u73b0\u3001\u5c42\u7ea7\u3001\u9c81\u68d2\u6027\u3001\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u3001\u6f14\u5316\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u4e5f\u5728\u6301\u7eed\u63a8\u8fdb\u3002\u800c\u4f18\u79c0\u7684AI\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u521b\u65b0\u6027\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5177\u5907\u4f18\u79c0\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u6307\u5bfc\u672a\u6765AI\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u5907\u53d7\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u8054\u5408\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u5723\u8fed\u6208\u5206\u6821\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388\u5c24\u4ea6\u5e84\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u526f\u6559\u6388\u5218\u5b87\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u5728\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u5f20\u7ae0\u3001\u725f\u7267\u4e91\u548c\u5728\u8bfb\u7855\u58eb\u6768\u660e\u54f2\u3001\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u7530\u6d0b\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u8d77\u300cAI By Complexity\u300d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a>\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u5982\u4f55\u5ea6\u91cf\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u597d\u574f\u201d\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u542f\u53d1\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u66f4\u597d\u7684AI\u6a21\u578b\uff1f\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u66f4\u597d\u7684AI\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u4e8e6\u670810\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u4e00\u665a\u4e0a20:00-22:00\u4e3e\u529e\u3002\u6b22\u8fce\u4ece\u4e8b\u76f8\u5173\u9886\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5bf9AI+Complexity\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u4ea4\u6d41\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8be6\u60c5\u8bf7\u89c1\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
AI by Complexity \u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8\uff1a\u590d\u6742\u6027\u600e\u6837\u91cf\u5316\u548c\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3AI\u7cfb\u7edf<\/span><\/a>
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\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
1. <\/strong>Nat. Rev. Phys.\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u4e2d\u7684\u71b5\u3001\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u4e0e\u63a8\u65ad<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
2. <\/strong>\u6df1\u5ea6\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\uff1a\u5bfb\u627e\u6700\u4f18\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7406\u8bba<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
3. <\/strong>\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u3001\u65e0\u5e8f\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
4. <\/strong><\/span>\u5f20\u6c5f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u53ef\u5fae\u5206\u7f16\u7a0b\u5230\u56e0\u679c\u63a8\u7406 | \u96c6\u667a\u5b66\u56ed\u5168\u65b0\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
<\/strong>5.<\/strong> \u9f99\u5e74\u5927\u8fd0\u8d77\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u6b63\u5f53\u65f6\uff01\u89e3\u9501\u96c6\u667a\u5168\u7ad9\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u65b0\u5e74\u5b66\u4e60\u8ba1\u5212<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n

6. <\/strong>\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u590d\u6742\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n


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\u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

<\/mp-style-type><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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