{"id":59697,"date":"2025-05-14T20:32:58","date_gmt":"2025-05-14T12:32:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=59697"},"modified":"2025-05-14T20:32:58","modified_gmt":"2025-05-14T12:32:58","slug":"%e7%86%b5%e6%98%af%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%ef%bc%9f%e4%b8%80%e5%9c%ba200%e5%b9%b4%e7%9a%84%e6%8e%a2%e7%b4%a2%e4%b9%8b%e6%97%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/?p=59697","title":{"rendered":"\u71b5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e00\u573a200\u5e74\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u4e4b\u65c5"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u4f55\u603b\u662f\u5411\u524d\u6d41\u52a8\uff1f\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5fae\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u5374\u5145\u6ee1\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\uff1f\u8fd9\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u9690\u85cf\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u71b5\u3002\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u957f\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u7d27\u5bc6\u5173\u8054\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u81ea1824\u5e74\u8428\u8fea\u00b7\u5361\u8bfa\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u3001\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8fce\u6765\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u91cf\u5316\u6307\u6807\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u71b5\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u89c2\u70b9\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u80fd\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8054\u7cfb\u6b63\u63a8\u52a8\u7740\u5fae\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5fae\u578b\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>
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\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u71b5\uff0c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u71b5\u589e\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4e4c\u7a46\u8bed\u3001\u6881\u91d1<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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Quanta <\/span>| \u6765\u6e90<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u71b5\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8861\u91cf\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6574\u6574\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u6cd5\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u91cf\u5316\u5b87\u5b99\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8d70\u5411\u8870\u9000\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u201c\u71b5\u201d <\/span><\/span>(Entropy)<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u6211\u4eec\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u3002\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u6b63\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u8bf8\u591a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ece\u7406\u6027\u51b3\u7b56\u5230\u673a\u5668\u7684\u6781\u9650\uff0c\u65e0\u4e00\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u751f\u547d\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u6587\u96c6\u3002\u4f60\u6240\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u4f1a\u5d29\u584c\u3002\u4f60\u6240\u7231\u7684\u4eba\u7ec8\u5c06\u901d\u53bb\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u79e9\u5e8f\u6216\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4f1a\u74e6\u89e3\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u90fd\u8d70\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u4ee4\u4eba\u6cae\u4e27\u7684\u6f2b\u6f2b\u65c5\u9014\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u8c03\u6c89\u95f7\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u6781\u5ea6\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e3a\u4e86\u523b\u753b\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b87\u5b99\u7ea7\u7684\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u71b5\u201d<\/span><\/span> (Entropy)<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u71b5\u662f\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u65e0\u5e8f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5ba3\u79f0\u71b5\u603b\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u5b9a\u5f8b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d <\/span><\/span>(Second Law of Thermodynamics)<\/span><\/span>[1]\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u6700\u65e0\u6cd5\u9003\u907f\u7684\u6cd5\u5219\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6211\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u4e00\u79cd\u611f\u89c9\u6240\u56f0\u6270\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u4f3c\u4e4e\u603b\u6709\u8d70\u5411\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u666e\u904d\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u79e9\u5e8f\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u3002\u5236\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u82b1\u74f6\u9700\u8981\u6570\u6708\u7684\u7cbe\u5fc3\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u827a\u672f\u521b\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u7403\u7838\u788e\u5b83\u5374\u53ea\u5728\u4e00\u77ac\u95f4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u751f\u90fd\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6df7\u4e71\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u603b\u662f\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u65ad\u8a00\u673a\u5668\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u5b8c\u7f8e\u6548\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u6784[2]\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u7ec8\u4f5c\u7528\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8017\u6563\u80fd\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u6052\u661f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5c06\u98df\u7269\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u70ed\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u3002\u54ea\u6015\u6211\u4eec\u7aed\u5c3d\u5168\u529b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u71b5\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba[3]\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53ea\u6709\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3001\u7a0e\u6536\u548c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u201d\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u585e\u65af\u00b7\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7<\/span><\/span> (Seth Lloyd) <\/span><\/span>\u5199\u9053[4]\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u907f\u5f00\u201c\u71b5\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u957f\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u5b83\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4f55\u65f6\u95f4\u603b\u662f\u5411\u524d\u6d41\u52a8[5]\uff0c\u4e5f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e16\u754c\u770b\u4f3c\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u72b6\u6001[6]\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u71b5\u5177\u6709\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5374\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u201c\u71b5\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e2a\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u201dLloyd\u5bf9\u6211\u8bf4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e89\u8bae\u6e90\u4e8e\u201c\u71b5\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u95f4\u7684\u6df7\u7528\u548c\u626d\u66f2\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u3001\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u542b\u4e49\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u683c\u5c40\u5206\u91ce\u3002\u4f46\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c<\/span>\u8981\u771f\u6b63\u638c\u63e1\u71b5\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u9002\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\u4e0a\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u5168\u9762\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u52aa\u529b\u5c06\u770b\u4f3c\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u9886\u57df\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u71b5\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5149\u8292\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f6c\u5411\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4ece\u201c\u65e0\u5e8f\u201d\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u77e5\u201d\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u71b5\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u89c2\u70b9\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u80fd\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8054\u7cfb\u6b63\u63a8\u52a8\u7740\u5fae\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5fae\u578b\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u91cf\u5316\u6307\u6807\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u5177\u201c\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u6b63\u5728\u98a0\u8986\u65e7\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u4e4e\u71b5\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u8fd8\u5173\u4e4e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6e90\u4e8e\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u5236\u9020\u5b8c\u7f8e\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d28\u5c81\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\uff0c\u540d\u53eb\u8428\u8fea\u00b7\u5361\u8bfa <\/span><\/span>(Sadi Carnot)<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba1\u7b97\u84b8\u6c7d\u52a8\u529b\u5f15\u64ce\u7684\u6781\u9650\u6548\u7387\u30021824\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u672c118\u9875\u7684\u4e66[7]\uff0c\u4e66\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u8bba\u706b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u300b<\/span><\/span>(<\/span>Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire<\/span><\/em>)<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u585e\u7eb3\u6cb3\u7554\u4ee53\u6cd5\u90ce\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u51fa\u552e\u3002\u5361\u8bfa\u7684\u4e66\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u4eba\u95ee\u6d25\uff0c\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u970d\u4e71\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u624b\u7a3f\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u9057\u4f53\u4e00\u8d77\u88ab\u706b\u5316\uff0c\u5316\u4e3a\u7070\u70ec\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f97\u4ee5\u5e78\u5b58\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8574\u542b\u7740\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u8fd9\u95e8\u65b0\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u706b\u79cd\u2014\u2014\u706b\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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17\u5c81\u7684\u8428\u8fea\u00b7\u5361\u8bfa\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a <\/span>\u8def\u6613-\u5229\u5965\u6ce2\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e03\u74e6\u4f0a(Louis-L\u00e9opold Boilly)<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5361\u8bfa\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u84b8\u6c7d\u5f15\u64ce\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u5b83\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u70ed\u91cf\u4ece\u9ad8\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\u6d41\u5411\u4f4e\u6e29\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u4ed6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u6240\u80fd\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u70ed\u91cf\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u529f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4eca\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5361\u8bfa\u5b9a\u7406\u201d<\/span><\/span> (Carnot\u2019s Theorem)<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u9875\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8b66\u544a\u6700\u5177\u6df1\u8fdc\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6307\u671b\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u5229\u7528\u71c3\u6599\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u201d\u603b\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u80fd\u91cf\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6469\u64e6\u3001\u632f\u52a8\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u8017\u6563\u3002\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u6548\u7387\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u76841865\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u514b\u52b3\u4fee\u65af<\/span><\/span> (Rudolf Clausius) <\/span><\/span>\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u5361\u8bfa\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u8017\u6563\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u6bd4\u4f8b\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u71b5\u201d <\/span><\/span>(Entropy)<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u8f6c\u53d8\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u201d <\/span><\/span>(Second Law of Thermodynamics) <\/span><\/span>\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u201c\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u71b5\u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u6700\u5927\u503c\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u70ed\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6d41\u4f53<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u70ed\u8d28\u201d(caloric)\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9010\u6e10\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u70ed\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u76f8\u4e92\u78b0\u649e\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc<\/span><\/span> (Ludwig Boltzmann) <\/span><\/span>\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u6982\u7387\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u6df1\u5316\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u9c81\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u514b\u52b3\u4fee\u65af\uff08\u5de6\uff09\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u71b5\u8d8b\u4e8e\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\uff1b\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u589e\u52a0\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
Theo Schafgans (left); Creative Commons<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5c06\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u901f\u5ea6\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u4e0e\u6c14\u4f53\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c5e\u6027<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u538b\u529b\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u8bd5\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0d\u662f\u6c14\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u5728\u68cb\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u68cb\u5b50\u3002\u6240\u6709\u68cb\u5b50\u786e\u5207\u5750\u6807\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u88ab\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u201d<\/span><\/span> (microstate)<\/span><\/span>\uff1b\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6784\u578b\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u5f62\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u90fd\u5806\u79ef\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u2014\u2014\u5219\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u201d <\/span><\/span>(macrostate)<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u6839\u636e\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u67d0\u4e00\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u8be5\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u71b5\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u71b5\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0e\u4e4b\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u2014\u2014\u5373\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u68cb\u5b50\u6392\u5217\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u68cb\u5b50\u5f62\u6210\u7279\u5b9a\u6709\u5e8f\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u968f\u673a\u6563\u5e03\u5728\u68cb\u76d8\u4e0a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5374\u591a\u5f97\u60ca\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u71b5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7531\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u6982\u7387\u9648\u8ff0\uff1a\u7269\u4f53\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6742\u4e71\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdc\u591a\u4e8e\u6574\u6d01\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u968f\u673a\u5730\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u53ef\u80fd\u6784\u578b\u95f4\u5207\u6362\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u6392\u5217\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u89c6\u9891\u6807\u9898\uff1a\u71b5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u71b5\u662f\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5b83\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u6784\u578b\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1\/3\uff1a\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u6709\u4e5d\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u805a\u96c6\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u53ea\u670916\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2\/3\uff1a\u73b0\u5728\u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c92\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u5360\u636e\u76d2\u5b50\u4e2d\u4efb\u610f\u65b9\u683c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6392\u5217\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fbe\u5230\u4e8694,143,280\u79cd\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3\/3\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u7c92\u5b50\u5206\u6563\u6392\u5217\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u591a\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u7c92\u5b50\u8fdb\u5165\u5206\u6563\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u538b\u5012\u6027\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u71b5\u603b\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ea6\u7eb3\u65af\u00b7\u5e15\u5c14\u8bfa (Jonas Parnow) \u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u8d1d\u5170 (Mark Belan)\/\u300a\u91cf\u5b50\u6742\u5fd7\u300b(Quanta Magazine)\uff1b\u521b\u610f\u5171\u4eab (Creative Commons: CC BY-ND 4.0)[8]<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u5361\u8bfa\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u4e2d\uff0c\u70ed\u91cf\u4ece\u9ad8\u6e29\u6d41\u5411\u4f4e\u6e29\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c14\u4f53\u7c92\u5b50\u5b8c\u5168\u6df7\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6309\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u9694\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u9ad8\u6e29\u3001\u5feb\u901f\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f\u4f4e\u6e29\u3001\u7f13\u6162\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u9053\u7406\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4f55\u73bb\u7483\u4f1a\u7834\u788e\u3001\u51b0\u4f1a\u878d\u5316\u3001\u6db2\u4f53\u4f1a\u6df7\u5408\u3001\u6811\u53f6\u4f1a\u5206\u89e3\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ece\u4f4e\u71b5\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u5411\u9ad8\u71b5\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u53ef\u9760\u8d4b\u4e88\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u81f4\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u71b5\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u672c\u53ef\u5728\u6b63\u53cd\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u540c\u6837\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u523b\u753b\u51fa\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u7bad\u5934\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6700\u7ec8\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002\u201c\u5f53\u5361\u8bfa\u5199\u4e0b\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u4eba\u80fd\u60f3\u8c61\u5230\u5b83\u5c06\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u201d\u827e\u514b\u65af-\u9a6c\u8d5b\u5927\u5b66<\/span><\/span> (University of Aix-Marseille)<\/span><\/span> \u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u6d1b\u00b7\u7f57\u97e6\u5229<\/span><\/span> (Carlo Rovelli)<\/span>[<\/span>9<\/span><\/span>]<\/span><\/span>\u8bf4\u9053\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u6d1b\u00b7\u7f57\u97e6\u5229\u957f\u671f\u5f3a\u8c03\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u91cf\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u71b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aChristopher Wahl<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u71b5\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u71b5\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u751f\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7\u00b7\u9999\u519c<\/span><\/span> (Claude Shannon) <\/span><\/span>\u5f53\u65f6\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u52a0\u5bc6\u901a\u4fe1\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fde\u63a5\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u00b7D\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f<\/span><\/span> (Franklin D. Roosevelt)<\/span><\/span> \u548c\u6e29\u65af\u987f\u00b7\u4e18\u5409\u5c14<\/span><\/span> (Winston Churchill) <\/span><\/span>\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u7ebf\u8def\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ecf\u5386\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u601d\u8003\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u3002\u9999\u519c\u8bd5\u56fe\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e00\u6761\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u6240\u542b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u8fc2\u56de\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u505a\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7\u00b7\u9999\u519c\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u4e4b\u7236\uff0c\u5c06\u71b5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aEstate of Francis Bello\uff1bScience Source<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u9999\u519c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u84b8\u6c7d\u5f15\u64ce\u6beb\u65e0\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6d88\u606f\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u9999\u519c\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u5c06\u201c\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u51fa\u73b0\u6982\u7387\u4e0e\u5176\u6982\u7387\u5bf9\u6570\u7684\u4e58\u79ef\u4e4b\u548c\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u9999\u519c\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u5c31\u4f1a\u7b80\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u7684\u71b5\u516c\u5f0f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc<\/span><\/span> (John von Neumann)<\/span><\/span> \u66fe\u6566\u4fc3\u9999\u519c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u91cf\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u71b5\u201d\u2014\u2014\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5b83\u4e0e\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u7684\u71b5\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u201c\u6ca1\u4eba\u771f\u6b63\u77e5\u9053\u71b5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\u4f60\u603b\u80fd\u5360\u4e0a\u98ce\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b63\u5982\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u71b5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5f15\u64ce\u7684\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u5219\u6355\u6349\u4e86\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5f04\u6e05\u6d88\u606f\u5185\u5bb9\u6240\u9700\u7684\u201c\u662f\u6216\u5426\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u9ad8\u71b5\u6d88\u606f\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u731c\u6d4b\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u624d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u63ed\u793a\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u800c\u5145\u6ee1\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u731c\u6d4b\u3002\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u71b5\u4e4b\u95f4\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u5e45\u975e\u5e38\u7f8e\u5999\u7684\u4ea4\u7ec7\u56fe\u666f\uff0c\u201d\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u71b5\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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1957\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6E.T.\u6770\u6069\u65af<\/span><\/span> (E.T. Jaynes) <\/span><\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7684\u8bba\u6587[10]\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u5ba1\u89c6\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4ece\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7c92\u5b50\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\u63a8\u65ad\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u6770\u6069\u65af\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ea\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u4fe1\u606f\u5df2\u77e5\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5bf9\u7b26\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5df2\u77e5\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u6bcf\u79cd\u6784\u578b\u8d4b\u4e88\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u6700\u5927\u71b5\u539f\u7406\u201d <\/span><\/span>(Principle of Maximum Entropy) <\/span><\/span>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u6709\u9650\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u6700\u65e0\u504f\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60[11]\u548c\u751f\u6001\u5b66[12]\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5374\u80fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u5951\u5408\u3002\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e22\u5931\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u6df7\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u52a8\u91cf\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u71b5\u201d <\/span><\/span>(Gibbs Entropy) <\/span><\/span>\u5c31\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u7c92\u5b50\u4e0e\u5176\u73af\u5883\u53d1\u751f\u7ea0\u7f20\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6253\u4e71\u5176\u91cf\u5b50\u6001\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u71b5\u201d <\/span><\/span>(von Neumann Entropy)<\/span><\/span>\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u5f53\u7269\u8d28\u843d\u5165\u9ed1\u6d1e\uff0c\u5916\u754c\u5931\u53bb\u5bf9\u5176\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u8d1d\u80af\u65af\u5766-\u970d\u91d1\u71b5\u201d <\/span><\/span>(Bekenstein-Hawking Entropy) <\/span><\/span>[13]\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5347\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u71b5\u59cb\u7ec8\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u65e0\u77e5\uff1a\u5bf9\u7c92\u5b50\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u3001\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\uff0c\u6216\u91cf\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u786e\u5207\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7f3a\u5931\u3002\u201c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u71b5\u6700\u521d\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u52a8\u673a\u88ab\u5f15\u5165\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5168\u90e8\u4e0e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u201d\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u8054\u90a6\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662<\/span><\/span> (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich) <\/span><\/span>\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u96f7\u7eb3\u6258\u00b7\u4f26\u7eb3<\/span><\/span> (Renato Renner) <\/span><\/span>[14]\u8bf4\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u71b5\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u7406\u89e3\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u8c01\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u77e5\u201d\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u89c6\u9891\u6807\u9898\uff1a\u71b5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u71b5\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4e00\u7ec4\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u786e\u5207\u6392\u5217\u5c31\u8d8a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
1\/2\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u6709\u5e8f\u72b6\u6001\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u6240\u6709\u4e5d\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u70b9\u51fb\u65b9\u683c\u5373\u53ef\u63ed\u793a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
2\/2\uff1a\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u6392\u5217\u7684\u66f4\u65e0\u5e8f\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u65e0\u6cd5\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u5176\u4f59\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u70b9\u51fb\u65b9\u683c\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u9ad8\u71b5\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7ea6\u7eb3\u65af\u00b7\u5e15\u5c14\u8bfa (Jonas Parnow) \u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u8d1d\u5170 (Mark Belan)\/\u300a\u91cf\u5b50\u6742\u5fd7\u300b(Quanta Magazine)\uff1b\u521b\u610f\u5171\u4eab (Creative Commons: CC BY-ND 4.0)[15]<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u7684\u6c14\u606f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4f5c\u4e3a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u672c\u79d1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5361\u6d1b\u00b7\u7f57\u97e6\u5229\u4ece\u6559\u6388\u90a3\u91cc\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u71b5\u548c\u65e0\u5e8f\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5bf9\u52b2\u3002\u4ed6\u56de\u5bb6\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u6cb9\u548c\u6c34\u88c5\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f50\u5b50\uff0c\u6447\u6643\u540e\u89c2\u5bdf\u6db2\u4f53\u5206\u79bb\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u4ed6\u6240\u5b66\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u76f8\u6096\u3002\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u80e1\u8bf4\u516b\u9053\uff0c\u201d\u4ed6\u56de\u5fc6\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u663e\u7136\u6559\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7f57\u97e6\u5229\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u71b5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4e4f\u770b\u4f3c\u79e9\u5e8f\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ece\u5b69\u5b50\u6536\u62fe\u5367\u5ba4\uff0c\u5230\u51b0\u7bb1\u51b7\u5374\u706b\u9e21\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7f57\u97e6\u5229\u4e5f\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u201c\u80dc\u5229\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u5e7b\u89c9\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u8d85\u5f3a\u70ed\u89c6\u529b\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u6cb9\u548c\u6c34\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u52a8\u80fd\u91ca\u653e\u7ed9\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ed\u5b66\u4e0a\u66f4\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u662f\u4ee5\u5fae\u89c2\u65e0\u5e8f\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7684\uff0c\u201d\u7f57\u97e6\u5229\u8bf4\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u59cb\u7ec8\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6709\u65f6\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u89c6\u7ebf\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7f62\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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E.T.\u6770\u6069\u65af(<\/span>E.T.Jaynes)\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u5a01\u5c14\u62c9\u5fb7\u00b7\u5409\u5e03\u65af(Willard Gibbs)\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u65f6\uff0c<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u71b5\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

Creative Commons\uff08top\uff09\uff1bThe Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs<\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6770\u6069\u65af\u4e5f\u5e2e\u52a9\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u56de\u987e\u4e861875\u5e74\u7531\u7ea6\u897f\u4e9a\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14\u62c9\u5fb7\u00b7\u5409\u5e03\u65af<\/span><\/span> (Josiah Willard Gibbs) <\/span><\/span>\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u6df7\u5408\u6096\u8bba\u201d<\/span><\/span> (Gibbs Mixing Paradox)<\/span><\/span>\uff1a\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6c14\u4f53\uff0cA\u548cB\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7531\u4e00\u5757\u9694\u677f\u5206\u9694\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u79fb\u5f00\u9694\u677f\u65f6\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u6c14\u4f53\u6269\u6563\u5e76\u6df7\u5408\uff0c\u71b5\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679cA\u548cB\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\uff0c\u4e14\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u538b\u529b\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u79fb\u5f00\u9694\u677f\u540e\u71b5\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7c92\u5b50\u5df2\u7ecf\u5904\u4e8e\u6700\u5927\u6df7\u5408\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u4e86\uff1a\u5982\u679cA\u548cB\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u533a\u5206\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6096\u8bba\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\uff0c\u6770\u6069\u65af\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848[16]<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u4ed6\u575a\u79f0\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u5df2\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u672a\u80fd\u6e05\u695a\u8868\u8fbe\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u60f3\u8c61\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u7684\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c29\u6c14\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u6eb6\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5c1a\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u2014\u2014\u59d1\u4e14\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u55c5\u7d20\u201d <\/span><\/span>(whifnium)<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5728\u55c5\u7d20\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u533a\u5206\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6c14\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u79fb\u5f00\u9694\u677f\u540e\uff0c\u71b5\u770b\u4f3c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u55c5\u7d20\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u806a\u660e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c31\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u533a\u5206\u4e24\u79cd\u6c29\u6c14\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u4e24\u79cd\u6c14\u4f53\u6df7\u5408\u65f6\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd8\u80fd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u55c5\u7d20\u7684\u6d3b\u585e\uff0c\u4ece\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6df7\u5408\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6b64\u524d\u65e0\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6770\u6069\u65af\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u6709\u5e8f\u6027\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u6709\u7528\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u2014\u2014\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6267\u884c\u8005\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8005\u65e0\u6cd5\u533a\u5206\u6c14\u4f53A\u548cB\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u6c14\u4f53\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6709\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u6c14\u4f53\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u503e\u5411\u6765\u63d0\u53d6\u529f\u3002\u71b5\u4e0d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6c14\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u6027\u3002\u65e0\u5e8f\u662f\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6770\u6069\u65af\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u6709\u7528\u529f\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4e14\u5fc5\u7136\u5730\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u2018\u4e3b\u89c2\u2019\u4fe1\u606f\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u6096\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u71b5\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7cfb\u7edf\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u71b5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u96be\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7[17]\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u80af\u5c3c\u601d\u00b7\u767b\u6bd4<\/span><\/span> (Kenneth Denbigh) <\/span><\/span>\u57281985\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66[18]\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u4e9b\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u52a8\u6447\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u71b5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u672c\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u67d0\u79cd\u5ba2\u89c2\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u9010\u6e10\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u71b5\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u4e86\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u8d8b\u52bf\uff1a\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u53ea\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u624d\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u65f6\u95f4\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766(Albert Einstein)\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u76f8\u5bf9\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u201c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u5f88\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u201d\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u5723\u514b\u9c81\u65af\u5206\u6821<\/span><\/span> (University of California, Santa Cruz)<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u963f\u5409\u96f7<\/span><\/span> (Anthony Aguirre) <\/span><\/span>[19]\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4f46\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u201d\u6027\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4ece\u6765\u90fd\u662f\u5e7b\u89c9\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u89c6\u9891\u6807\u9898\uff1a\u71b5\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u56e0\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5f02\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1\/4\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u623f\u95f4\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6ee1\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u72b6\u548c\u989c\u8272\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u3002\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u6309\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u5c06\u7269\u4f53\u6574\u7406\u5230\u540c\u4e00\u4fa7\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
2\/4\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u662f\u7231\u4e3d\u4e1d\uff0c\u5979\u89c6\u529b\u6a21\u7cca\u4e14\u5fd8\u4e86\u6234\u773c\u955c\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5206\u8fa8\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u989c\u8272\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
3\/4\uff1a\u73b0\u5728\u9c8d\u52c3\u8fdb\u5165\u623f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u8272\u76f2\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5206\u8fa8\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u623f\u95f4\u4f9d\u7136\u5f88\u4e71\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
4\/4\uff1a\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u71b5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u89c2\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7ea6\u7eb3\u65af\u00b7\u5e15\u5c14\u8bfa (Jonas Parnow) \u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u8d1d\u5170 (Mark Belan)\/\u300a\u91cf\u5b50\u6742\u5fd7\u300b(Quanta Magazine)\uff1b\u521b\u610f\u5171\u4eab (Creative Commons: CC BY-ND 4.0) [20]<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a5\u53d7\u9010\u6e10\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u63a2\u7d22\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u878d\u5165\u71b5\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u963f\u5409\u96f7\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u5ea6\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u89c2\u6d4b\u71b5\u201d<\/span><\/span> (Observational Entropy)<\/span><\/span> [21]\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u6574\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4ee5\u4f55\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u201c\u6a21\u7cca\u201d\u6216\u201c\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u201d <\/span><\/span>(coarse-grain) <\/span><\/span>\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u611f\u77e5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u6240\u80fd\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u6d4b\u5c5e\u6027\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u8d4b\u4e88\u76f8\u7b49\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6770\u6069\u65af\u6240\u63d0\u8bae\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u67b6\u8d77\u4e86\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u71b5<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b8f\u89c2\u7279\u5f81\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u6355\u6349\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6865\u6881\u3002\u201c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u7684\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u201d\u963f\u5409\u96f7\u8bf4\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u591a\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5df2\u4f7f\u7528\u963f\u5409\u96f7\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bfb\u627e\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8bc1\u660e [22] \u3002\u963f\u5409\u96f7\u672c\u4eba\u5219\u5e0c\u671b\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u5ea6\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u4e3a\u4f55\u5b87\u5b99\u8d77\u59cb\u4e8e\u4f4e\u71b5\u72b6\u6001 [23]<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u4ece\u800c\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u4f55\u5411\u524d\u6d41\u52a8\uff09<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u9ed1\u6d1e\u4e2d\u71b5\u7a76\u7adf\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u201c\u89c2\u6d4b\u71b5\u6846\u67b6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u5ea6\uff0c\u201d\u5df4\u585e\u7f57\u90a3\u81ea\u6cbb\u5927\u5b66<\/span><\/span> (Autonomous University of Barcelona)<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u4f2f\u683c<\/span><\/span> (Philipp Strasberg) <\/span><\/span>\u8bf4\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u4e00\u9879\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u540c\u5fae\u89c2\u71b5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6846\u67b6[24]\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u771f\u6b63\u5c06\u73bb\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u548c\u51af\u00b7\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n

\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u963f\u5409\u96f7\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u89c2\u6d4b\u71b5\u201d\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5177\u6709\u6f84\u6e05\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e3d\u838e\u00b7\u8c22(Lisa Tse)\u4e3aFQxI\u62cd\u6444<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5[26]\u6765\u5904\u7406\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4fe1\u606f\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90[27]\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e5\u76ca\u4e0e\u5176\u73af\u5883\u878d\u5408\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u53f0\u62e5\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u7b97\u529b\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u80fd\u8ffd\u8e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u786e\u5207\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u71b5\u5c06\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u6052\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e22\u5931\u2014\u2014\u65f6\u95f4\u4e5f\u5c06\u505c\u6b62\u6d41\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u8ba1\u7b97\u8d44\u6e90\u6709\u9650\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c97\u7c92\u5316\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u56fe\u666f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ffd\u8e2a\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u6240\u6709\u7a7a\u6c14\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53d6\u5e73\u5747\u503c\uff0c\u7528\u6e29\u5ea6\u548c\u538b\u529b\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u6f14\u5316\u5230\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9010\u6e10\u5931\u53bb\u5bf9\u5fae\u89c2\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u638c\u63a7\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u60c5\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u3002\u201c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5f52\u6839\u7ed3\u5e95\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u65e0\u77e5\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u201d\u7f57\u97e6\u5229\u5199\u9053\u3002\u65e0\u77e5\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5916\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4e5f\u643a\u5e26\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u201d\u963f\u5409\u96f7\u8bf4\u3002\u71b5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u5c3a\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u6211\u4eec\u5185\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5728\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6709\u65f6\u5145\u6ee1\u654c\u610f\u3001\u4f46\u4e00\u5b9a\u603b\u662f\u5145\u6ee1\u6311\u6218\u7684\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u826f\u597d\u9884\u6d4b\u5e76\u667a\u80fd\u5730\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n


<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\n
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\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u77e5\u8bc6\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u63a2\u7d22<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

2023\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u963f\u5409\u96f7\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7ea6\u514b\u90e1\u4e00\u5ea7\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5e84\u56ed\u5c71\u9e93\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u9759\u4fee\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a[28]\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u7531\u975e\u8425\u5229\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u201d<\/span><\/span> (Foundational Questions Institute, FQxI) <\/span><\/span>\u4e3b\u529e\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u521b\u529e\u4e8e2006\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u5409\u96f7\u4e5f\u662f\u8054\u5408\u53d1\u8d77\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3a\u671f\u4e00\u5468\u7684\u667a\u529b\u4f11\u61a9\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u745c\u4f3d\u3001\u51a5\u60f3\u548c\u91ce\u5916\u6e38\u6cf3\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2dFQxI\u8d44\u52a9\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u4fe1\u606f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u80fd\u91cf\u6765\u6e90\u52a0\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
\u7ea6\u514b\u90e1FQxI\u9759\u4fee\u6d3b\u52a8\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e3d\u838e\u00b7\u8c22\u4e3aFQxI\u62cd\u6444<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u754c\u9650\u5df2\u53d8\u5f97\u6a21\u7cca\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b66\u4f1a\u5c06\u4fe1\u606f\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u771f\u5b9e\u3001\u53ef\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u7269\u7406\u8d44\u6e90\u2014\u2014\u7528\u6765\u8bca\u65ad\u4ece\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u80fd\u63d0\u53d6\u591a\u5c11\u529f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u786e\u5c31\u662f\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u7740\u624b\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5c55\u5f00\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e00\u5929\u65e9\u6668\uff0c\u5728\u5e84\u56ed\u5706\u9876\u5e10\u7bf7\u91cc\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u53ef\u9009\u745c\u4f3d\u8bfe\u7a0b\u540e\uff0c\u56e2\u961f\u8046\u542c\u4e86\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u5927\u5b66\u9a6c\u8bfa\u963f\u5206\u6821<\/span><\/span> (University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa)<\/span><\/span> \u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u82cf\u73ca\u5a1c\u00b7\u65af\u8482\u5c14<\/span><\/span> (Susanne Still) <\/span><\/span>[29]\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u3002\u5979\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u4eba\u56de\u60f3\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u7531\u5308\u7259\u5229\u88d4\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u83b1\u5965\u00b7\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7<\/span><\/span> (Leo Szilard) <\/span><\/span>\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c[30]\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u76d2\u5b50\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u5757\u53ef\u5de6\u53f3\u6ed1\u52a8\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u9694\u677f\uff0c\u9694\u677f\u53ef\u5728\u76d2\u5b50\u7684\u5de6\u53f3\u58c1\u4e4b\u95f4\u6765\u56de\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u9694\u677f\u5de6\u4fa7\u3002\u5f53\u7c92\u5b50\u5728\u58c1\u4e0a\u53cd\u5f39\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u5c06\u9694\u677f\u5411\u53f3\u63a8\u52a8\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u806a\u660e\u7684\u201c\u5996\u7cbe\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7ef3\u5b50\u548c\u6ed1\u8f6e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f53\u9694\u677f\u88ab\u7c92\u5b50\u63a8\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u7ef3\u5b50\u88ab\u62c9\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u8d77\u76d2\u5b50\u5916\u7684\u91cd\u7269\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u5996\u7cbe\u53ef\u4ee5\u5077\u5077\u91cd\u65b0\u63d2\u5165\u9694\u677f\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u770b\u4f3c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u9650\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8981\u6301\u7eed\u4ece\u76d2\u5b50\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u529f\uff0c\u5996\u7cbe\u5fc5\u987b\u77e5\u9053\u7c92\u5b50\u5728\u76d2\u5b50\u7684\u54ea\u4e00\u4fa7\u3002\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u4ee5\u4fe1\u606f\u4e3a\u71c3\u6599\u3002\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u5f15\u64ce\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\u5e06\u8239\u3002\u5728\u6d77\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u5229\u7528\u5bf9\u98ce\u5411\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8c03\u6574\u98ce\u5e06\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u8239\u524d\u8fdb\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u89c6\u9891\u6807\u9898\uff1a\u5229\u7528\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u77e5\u8bc6\u5728\u5229\u7528\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u65f6\u5c31\u662f\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
1\/3\uff1a\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4f60\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u505a\u4e00\u4e9b\u529f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f60\u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u7269\u4ece\u5730\u9762\u62ac\u8d77\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
2\/3\uff1a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6709\u5e8f\u72b6\u6001\u5c06\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u65e0\u5e8f\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u5bf9\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u53f0\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u6765\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
3\/3\uff1a\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u91cd\u7269\u6302\u5728\u8fde\u63a5\u9694\u677f\u5de6\u4fa7\u6216\u53f3\u4fa7\u7684\u7ef3\u5b50\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u60f3\u8ba9\u6269\u6563\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u62ac\u8d77\u91cd\u7269\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u9009\u62e9\u54ea\u4e00\u8fb9\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7ea6\u7eb3\u65af\u00b7\u5e15\u5c14\u8bfa (Jonas Parnow) \u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u8d1d\u5170 (Mark Belan) \/\u300a\u91cf\u5b50\u6742\u5fd7\u300b (Quanta Magazine)\uff1b\u521b\u610f\u5171\u4eab (Creative Commons: CC BY-ND 4.0)[31]<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f46\u5c31\u50cf\u70ed\u673a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u5f15\u64ce\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u71b5\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u652f\u4ed8\u201c\u7a0e\u6536\u201d\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u7b49\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u4fe1\u606f\u5f15\u64ce\u7528\u4f5c\u6c38\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u5b58\u50a8\u4fe1\u606f\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u71b5\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0e\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u529f\u76f8\u5f53\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u5e26\u6765\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u83b7\u53d6\u548c\u8bb0\u4f4f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f1a\u6d88\u8017\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u6784\u60f3\u4ed6\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u3002\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u9003\u79bb\u4e86\u7956\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u82f1\u6587\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u5173\u4e8e\u4fe1\u606f\u5f15\u64ce\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7efc\u8ff0[32]\u4e2d\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u6210\u529f\u6269\u5c55\u5e76\u63a8\u5e7f\u4e86\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5f15\u64ce\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u5979\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5982\u4f55\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7269\u7406\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u80fd\u88ab\u63a5\u8fd1\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u80fd\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fd8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u51b3\u5b9a\u6d4b\u91cf\u54ea\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u5b58\u50a8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e00\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u65e0\u6cd5\u5e2e\u52a9\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u6709\u7528\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u6548\u7387\u3002\u5979\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\u5979\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u6700\u5c0f\u81ea\u6211\u963b\u788d\u539f\u5219\u201d <\/span><\/span>(Principle of Least Self-Impediment)<\/span><\/span>\u2014\u2014\u9009\u62e9\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u8fd1\u5176\u7269\u7406\u6781\u9650\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002\u5979\u8fd8\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6539\u8fdb\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n
\u83b1\u5965\u00b7\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee5\u4fe1\u606f\u4e3a\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7f8e\u56fd\u80fd\u6e90\u90e8(U.S. Department of Energy)<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5996\u7cbe\u201d\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u63ed\u793a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u62e5\u6709\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u603b\u662f\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u2014\u2014\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u53d7\u566a\u58f0\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5668\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b58\u50a8\u5bb9\u91cf\u53d7\u9650\u3002\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u7a0d\u5fae\u4fee\u6539\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u7684\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u5373\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u9694\u677f\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u6765\u5f15\u5165\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u201c\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\u201d[33]\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u60f3\u8c61\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u7684\u9694\u677f\u662f\u503e\u659c\u7684\uff0c\u7528\u6237\u53ea\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u6216\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u7c92\u5b50\u6295\u5f71\u5230\u76d2\u5b50\u5e95\u90e8\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f71\u5b50\u5b8c\u5168\u5728\u9694\u677f\u7684\u5de6\u4fa7\u6216\u53f3\u4fa7\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u7c92\u5b50\u5728\u54ea\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5f71\u5b50\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u95f4\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u7c92\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u503e\u659c\u9694\u677f\u7684\u4e0a\u65b9\u6216\u4e0b\u65b9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u76d2\u5b50\u7684\u5de6\u4fa7\u6216\u53f3\u4fa7\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u5229\u7528\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e86\u6d4b\u91cf\u7c92\u5b50\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u7f16\u7801\u5230\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u8fd9\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u63a8\u5bfc\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u7b97\u6cd5\u76ee\u524d\u4e5f\u5728\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u74f6\u9888\u7b97\u6cd5\u201d<\/span><\/span> (Information Bottleneck Algorithm)<\/span><\/span> [34]\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4ec5\u4fdd\u7559\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6709\u6548\u538b\u7f29\u6570\u636e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u4e0e\u5979\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u591a\u5229\u5b89\u00b7\u6234\u9ed8<\/span><\/span> (Dorian Daimer) <\/span><\/span>\u4e00\u8d77\u7814\u7a76\u4e86 [35] \u591a\u79cd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u5f15\u64ce\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u7f16\u7801\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u88c5\u7f6e\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u5728\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0b\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6784\u5efa\u6a21\u5757\u201d\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u53cc\u91cd\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u6234\u9ed8\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8ba9\u6211\u5982\u6b64\u7740\u8ff7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f60\u7ed5\u4e86\u4e00\u5708\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u518d\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

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<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/h3>\n


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\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u5e76\u975e\u7ea6\u514b\u90e1\u552f\u4e00\u5bf9\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u5f15\u64ce\u62b1\u6709\u61a7\u61ac\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u591a\u4f4d\u83b7\u5f97FQxI\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df2\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u6210\u529f\u7814\u53d1\u4e86\u5b9e\u7528\u578b\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f15\u64ce\u5229\u7528\u4fe1\u606f\u4e3a\u673a\u68b0\u88c5\u7f6e\u63d0\u4f9b\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u4e0e\u5361\u8bfa\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u671f\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fae\u578b\u5f15\u64ce\u80fd\u63a8\u52a8\u5217\u8f66\u6216\u51b3\u5b9a\u6218\u4e89\u80dc\u8d1f\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a2\u7d22\u57fa\u7840\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5e73\u53f0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u91cd\u6f14\u822c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f15\u64ce\u6b63\u4fc3\u4f7f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u80fd\u91cf\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u71b5\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u542b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5728\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u970d\u5f17<\/span><\/span> (John Bechhoefer) <\/span><\/span>\u6210\u529f\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u897f\u8499\u5f17\u96f7\u6cfd\u5927<\/span><\/span> (Simon Fraser University) <\/span><\/span>\u91cd\u73b0\u4e86\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u5f15\u64ce[37]\u7684\u6784\u60f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u9897\u6bd4\u5c18\u57c3\u8fd8\u5c0f\u7684\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u7845\u5fae\u73e0\uff0c\u8ba9\u5b83\u6f02\u6d6e\u5728\u6c34\u6d74\u4e2d\u3002\u8d1d\u514b\u970d\u5f17\u56e2\u961f\u5229\u7528\u6fc0\u5149\u675f\u6355\u83b7\u8fd9\u9897\u5fae\u73e0\uff0c\u5e76\u7cbe\u786e\u76d1\u6d4b\u5176\u968f\u673a\u70ed\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5f53\u5fae\u73e0\u5076\u7136\u5411\u4e0a\u8dc3\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fc5\u901f\u63d0\u5347\u6fc0\u5149\u9677\u9631\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5de7\u5999\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u62ac\u8d77\u91cd\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u82cf\u73ca\u5a1c\u00b7\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u5f15\u64ce\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8292\u679c\u9752\u67e0\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4(Mango Lime Studio)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u73b0\u5b9e\u4fe1\u606f\u5f15\u64ce\u63d0\u53d6\u529f\u7684\u6781\u9650[38]\u65f6\uff0c\u8d1d\u514b\u970d\u5f17\u548c\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u663e\u8457\u4f18\u4e8e[39]\u4f20\u7edf\u5f15\u64ce\u3002\u53d7\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e86\u63a5\u6536\u73e0\u5b50\u72b6\u6001\u90e8\u5206\u4fe1\u606f[40]\u65f6\u7684\u4f4e\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4fe1\u606f\u5f15\u64ce\u5982\u4eca\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66<\/span><\/span> (University of Oxford) <\/span><\/span>\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7eb3\u5854\u5229\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u96f7\u65af <\/span><\/span>(Natalia Ares) <\/span><\/span>[41]\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f29\u5c0f\u5230\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u5979\u5728\u9759\u4fee\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u4e0e\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u540c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u7ec4[42]\u3002\u5728\u676f\u57ab\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u7845\u82af\u7247\u4e0a\uff0c\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u5c06\u5355\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u6355\u83b7\u5728\u60ac\u6d6e\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u652f\u67f1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ec6\u78b3\u7ebf\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u7eb3\u7c73\u7ba1\u201d <\/span><\/span>(nanotube)<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u88ab\u51b7\u5374\u5230\u63a5\u8fd1\u7edd\u5bf9\u96f6\u5ea6\u5343\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5ea6\uff0c\u50cf\u5409\u4ed6\u5f26\u4e00\u6837\u632f\u52a8\uff0c\u5176\u632f\u8361\u9891\u7387\u7531\u5185\u90e8\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u51b3\u5b9a[43]\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8ffd\u8e2a\u7eb3\u7c73\u7ba1\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u632f\u52a8\uff0c\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u8ba1\u5212\u8bca\u65ad\u4e0d\u540c\u91cf\u5b50\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u529f\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d70\u5eca\u4e24\u4fa7\u7684\u9ed1\u677f\u4e0a\u5bc6\u5bc6\u9ebb\u9ebb\u5730\u5199\u6ee1\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u201c\u8fd9\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u7eb3\u7c73\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u201d\u5979\u89e3\u91ca\u9053\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u9879\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6c72\u53d6\u4e86\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5c06\u7cbe\u786e\u8c03\u63a7\u7eb3\u7c73\u7ba1\u632f\u52a8\u5bf9\u7535\u5b50\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u7a0b\u5ea6<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u672a\u77e5\u56e0\u7d20\uff09<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u8282\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u8ba4\u77e5\u76f2\u533a\u7684\u7cbe\u5bc6\u63a7\u5236\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u548c\u5979\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u6b63\u5728\u63a2\u6d4b\u6700\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6781\u9650\u2014\u2014\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u706b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u7c92\u5b50\u8fd0\u52a8\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u529f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u6781\u9650\u7531\u5361\u8bfa\u5b9a\u7406\u8bbe\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u71b5[44]\u53ef\u4f9b\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76f8\u5173\u754c\u9650\u2014\u2014\u751a\u81f3\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u529f\u8f93\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u8981\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\uff0c\u71b5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201d\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u4ecd\u7136\u5f88\u8ff7\u5931\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u548c\u5979\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u6b63\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5728\u6700\u5fae\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u6781\u9650\u2014\u2014\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u706b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7c92\u5b50\u8fd0\u52a8\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u529f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u6781\u9650\u7531\u5361\u8bfa\u5b9a\u7406\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u4f17\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u71b5\u53ef\u4f9b\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u71b5\u80fd\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76f8\u5173\u8fb9\u754c\u53d8\u5f97\u6781\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u2014\u2014\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u529f\u7387\u8f93\u51fa\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u96be\u9898\u3002\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u71b5\u5230\u5e95\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201c\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u8bf4\u9053\u3002”\u6839\u636e\u6211\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4ecd\u7136\u5904\u4e8e\u63a2\u7d22\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u7eb3\u5854\u5229\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7814\u7a76\u91cf\u5b50\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u5979\u5b9a\u5236\u7684\u70ed\u7c89\u8272\u51b7\u85cf\u5ba4\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7eb3\u5854\u5229\u5a05\u00b7\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u8d60\u4e88<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u9662<\/span><\/span>(National Institute of Standards and Technology) <\/span><\/span>\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u59ae\u53ef\u00b7\u626c\u683c\u00b7\u54c8\u5c14\u5f6d<\/span><\/span> (Nicole Yunger Halpern) <\/span><\/span>[45]\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u540c\u4e49\u7684\u71b5\u4ea7\u751f\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67[46]\uff0c\u8fd9\u540c\u6837\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fae\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u65e0\u6cd5\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u7cbe\u786e\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6d4b\u91cf\u67d0\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u626c\u683c\u00b7\u54c8\u5c14\u5f6d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u91cf\u5b50\u5947\u5f02\u6027\u4e3a\u5df1\u6240\u7528\uff1a\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u7684\u989d\u5916\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed5\u8fc7\u5361\u8bfa\u5b9a\u7406\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u201d\u5979\u8bf4\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u63a8\u52a8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e3a\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u6536\u96c6\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u5145\u7535\u6216\u8ba1\u7b97\u94fa\u5e73\u9053\u8def\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u6d1e\u5bdf\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u6700\u6709\u6548\u4fe1\u606f\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u8fd8\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4eba\u8111\u5982\u4f55\u4ec5\u752820\u74e6\u7684\u529f\u7387\u5b8c\u6210\u6781\u5176\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u751f\u7269\u8ba1\u7b97\u6548\u7387\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u4e5f\u5728\u4e8e\u5229\u7528\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65e8\u5728\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u201c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u91cc\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u4f18\u52bf\u79d1\u7814\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5229\u7528\u5b83\u4e86\uff0c\u201d\u57c3\u514b\u585e\u7279\u5927\u5b66<\/span><\/span> (University of Exeter) <\/span><\/span>\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u73cd\u59ae\u7279\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u65af<\/span><\/span> (Janet Anders)<\/span><\/span>[47]\u8bf4\uff0c\u5979\u4e5f\u662f\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u672a\u6765\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5c06\u5728\u5979\u725b\u6d25\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5929\u82b1\u677f\u4e0a\u60ac\u6302\u7684\u70ed\u7c89\u8272\u51b7\u85cf\u5ba4\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5979\u5f00\u73a9\u7b11\u5730\u5411\u5236\u9020\u5546\u5efa\u8bae\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u8b66\u544a\u8bf4\u91d1\u5c5e\u6f06\u9897\u7c92\u4f1a\u5e72\u6270\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u5077\u5077\u5c06\u51b0\u7bb1\u9001\u5230\u6c7d\u8f66\u5e97\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u4e0a\u95ea\u4eae\u7684\u7c89\u8272\u8584\u819c\u3002\u963f\u96f7\u65af\u5c06\u5979\u7684\u65b0\u5b9e\u9a8c\u573a\u5730\u89c6\u4e3a\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5979\u5bf9\u8fd9\u573a\u65b0\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u671f\u671b\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u52a0\u6ce8\u91cd\u9053\u5fb7\u8003\u91cf\u3001\u73af\u5883\u53cb\u597d\u4e14\u5305\u5bb9\u591a\u5143\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u201c\u611f\u89c9\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u67d0\u4ef6\u4f1f\u5927\u800c\u7f8e\u5999\u4e8b\u7269\u5f00\u7aef\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u201d\u5979\u8bf4\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u62e5\u62b1\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u201c\u5f53\u5361\u8bfa\u5199\u4e0b\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u65f6\u2026\u2026\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u4eba\u80fd\u60f3\u8c61\u5b83\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5361\u6d1b\u00b7\u7f57\u97e6\u5229\uff0c\u827e\u514b\u65af-\u9a6c\u8d5b\u5927\u5b66<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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2024\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u6570\u767e\u540d\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e15\u83b1\u7d22<\/span><\/span> (Palaiseau) <\/span><\/span>\u805a\u4f1a[48]\uff0c\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5361\u8bfa\u51fa\u7248\u5176\u8457\u4f5c200\u5468\u5e74\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u71b5\u5728\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u5370\u8bb0\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u7535\u6c60\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8dc3\u8fc1\u5230\u9ed1\u6d1e\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u89c6\u754c\uff0c\u71b5\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u3002\u5728\u6b22\u8fce\u5f00\u5e55\u5f0f\u81f4\u8f9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/span><\/span> (French National Center for Scientific Research) <\/span><\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e3b\u4efb\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u540d\u4e49\u4f5c\u51fa\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u81f4\u6b49\uff0c\u4e3a\u5f53\u5e74\u5bf9\u5361\u8bfa\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5ffd\u89c6\u90d1\u91cd\u81f4\u610f\u3002\u5f53\u665a\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5962\u534e\u7684\u91d1\u8272\u9910\u5385\uff0c\u8046\u542c\u7531\u5361\u8bfa\u7236\u4eb2\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u4ea4\u54cd\u4e50\uff0c\u7531\u5305\u62ec\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u4e00\u4f4d\u8fdc\u4eb2\u5728\u5185\u7684\u56db\u91cd\u594f\u8868\u6f14\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u5361\u8bfa\u7684\u6df1\u8fdc\u6d1e\u89c1\u6e90\u4e8e\u8bd5\u56fe\u5b8c\u5168\u638c\u63a7\u673a\u68b0\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u7406\u6027\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5723\u676f\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6269\u6563\u5230\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u5bf9\u71b5\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u5b8c\u5168\u6548\u7387\u548c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u865a\u5047\u68a6\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u627f\u8ba4\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d88\u51cf\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u201c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u4e0e\u542f\u8499\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u9053\u626c\u9573\uff0c\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u97e6\u5229\u6307\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8f6c\u5411\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u90fd\u6df1\u523b\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0e\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u63a8\u52a8\u5b87\u5b99\u8d70\u5411\u6781\u5ea6\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u7ec8\u5c40\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u65b0\u8be0\u91ca\u71b5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u4ee5\u66f4\u52a0\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u8017\u6563\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u673a\u5668\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u52a8\u529b\u6e90\u6cc9\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u7528\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u786e\u5b9e\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u5e38\u80fd\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8868\u9762\u6df7\u4e71\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u66f4\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u71b5\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u65e0\u9650\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u5f92\u52b3\u5730\u8bd5\u56fe\u6d88\u9664\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7406\u5e76\u9002\u5e94\u5b83\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u672a\u77e5\u72b6\u6001\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u63a2\u7d22\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u71b5\u65e2\u662f\u9650\u5236\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4eba\u7c7b\u72ec\u7279\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u54c0\u53f9\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u611f\u77e5\u3001\u63a8\u6f14\u3001\u505a\u51fa\u66f4\u597d\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5229\u7528\u201c\u4f60\u201d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/what-is-entropy-a-measure-of-just-how-little-we-really-know-20241213\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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[1]https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/how-maxwells-demon-continues-to-startle-scientists-20210422\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[2]https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/how-life-and-death-spring-from-disorder-20170126\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[3]https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/first-support-for-a-physics-theory-of-life-20170726\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[4]https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/430971a<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[5]https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/what-is-time-a-history-of-physics-biology-clocks-and-culture-20200504\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[6]https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/quantum-entanglement-drives-the-arrow-of-time-scientists-say-20140416\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[7]https:\/\/sites.pitt.edu\/~jdnorton\/teaching\/2559_Therm_Stat_Mech\/docs\/Carnot%20Reflections%201897%20facsimile.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[8]https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[9]https:\/\/www.cpt.univ-mrs.fr\/~rovelli\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[10]https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/pr\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRev.106.620<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/pr\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRev.108.171<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[11]https:\/\/cdn.aaai.org\/AAAI\/2008\/AAAI08-227.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[12]https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-thermodynamic-theory-of-ecology-20140903\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[13]https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/the-1-clue-to-quantum-gravity-sits-on-the-surfaces-of-black-holes-20240925\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[14]https:\/\/itp.phys.ethz.ch\/people\/person-detail.NTkyNzU=.TGlzdC84NDYsLTE5MDQ4MDM5ODI=.html<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
([15])https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[16]https:\/\/www.damtp.cam.ac.uk\/user\/tong\/statphys\/jaynes.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[17]https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1711.07326<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[18]https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/philosophy-of-science\/article\/abs\/k-g-denbigh-and-j-s-denbigh-entropy-in-relation-to-incomplete-knowledge-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1985-vii-164-pp-3450\/8CC10679F11E800A509A0B3C3C55DB8A<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[19]https:\/\/www.physics.ucsc.edu\/faculty\/index.php?uid=anaguirr<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[20]https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[21]https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2008.04409<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[22]https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prxquantum\/abstract\/10.1103\/PRXQuantum.2.030202<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.11985<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.01677<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[23]https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10701-023-00745-3<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[24]https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.09403<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[25]https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/551483\/the-order-of-time-by-carlo-rovelli\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[26]https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prl\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.260601<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[27]https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/physicists-trace-the-rise-in-entropy-to-quantum-information-20220526\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[28]https:\/\/fqxi.org\/programs\/events\/2023-uk-retreat\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[29]http:\/\/www2.hawaii.edu\/~sstill\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[30]https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01341281<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[31]https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[32]https:\/\/www.sfipress.org\/02-szilard-1929<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[33]https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.15803<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[34]https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/new-theory-cracks-open-the-black-box-of-deep-learning-20170921\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[35]https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.10580<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[36]https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.17860<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[37]https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.2023356118<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[38]https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/23746149.2024.2352112<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[39]https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prl\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.131.057101<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[40]https:\/\/meetings.aps.org\/Meeting\/MAR24\/Session\/A28.2<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[41]https:\/\/eng.ox.ac.uk\/people\/natalia-ares\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[42]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xmgiav22hqI&t=2s&ab_channel=FQxI<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[43]https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.19288<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[44]https:\/\/phfaist.com\/d\/entropyzoo\/TheEntropyZoo-150dpi.jpg<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[45]https:\/\/quics.umd.edu\/people\/nicole-yunger-halpern<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[46]https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prxquantum\/abstract\/10.1103\/PRXQuantum.5.030355<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[47]https:\/\/physics-astronomy.exeter.ac.uk\/people\/profile\/index.php?username=ja343<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
[48]https:\/\/carnot-legacy.sciencesconf.org\/<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n


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\uff08\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u53ef<\/span>\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a8<\/span><\/strong>\u67e5\u770b\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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2024\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u6388\u4e88\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7ecf\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u9769\u547d\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u70ed\u5b66\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4ece\u5fae\u89c2\u7c92\u5b50\u5230\u5b8f\u89c2\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u5982\u4f55\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u590d\u6742\u73b0\u8c61\u5982\u4f55\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u91cf\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u5fae\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6027\u4e0e\u5b8f\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e3a\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7d22\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u524d\u6cbf\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c<\/span>\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u8054\u5408\u897f\u6e56\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u53ca\u4ea4\u53c9\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bb2\u5e2d\u6559\u6388\u6c64\u96f7\u7ff0\u3001\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u77f3\u6eaa\u5206\u6821\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u6c6a\u52b2\u3001\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\u7cfb\u7edf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u6881\u5e08\u7fce\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u6d78\u4f1a\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388\u5510\u4e7e\u5143\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u591a\u4f4d\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u77e5\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u8d77\u300c\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u300d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/a>\u3002\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u65e8\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u5b66\u4e60\u7b49\u524d\u6cbf\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4ea4\u53c9\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u4ece12\u670812\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u56db\u665a20:00-22:00\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u9884\u8ba112\u5468\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8bda\u631a\u9080\u8bf7\u5404\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb\u53c2\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u63a2\u7d22\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u666e\u9002\u7406\u8bba\uff01<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\"\u56fe\u7247\"<\/span><\/a><\/section>\n

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\u8be6\u60c5\u8bf7\u89c1\uff1a<\/span><\/span>\u4ece\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u547d\u5230\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u4e4b\u8def\uff1a\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a\u542f\u52a8\uff01<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u63a8\u8350\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/section>\n
<\/strong><\/section>\n
1. <\/span><\/strong>Nat. Rev. Phys.\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u4e2d\u7684\u71b5\u3001\u53ef\u9006\u6027\u4e0e\u63a8\u65ad<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
2. <\/span><\/strong>\u957f\u6587\u7efc\u8ff0\uff1a\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u71b5\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u3001\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff5c\u65b0\u6625\u7279\u8f91<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
3. <\/span><\/strong>\u590d\u6742\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u6700\u5927\u71b5\u539f\u7406<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
<\/strong><\/section>\n
4. <\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u6e38\u620f\u5316\u79d1\u7814\u2014\u2014\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7a81\u7834\u5185\u5377\u3001\u5171\u7814\u6d8c\u73b0<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
<\/strong>5. <\/span><\/strong>\u63a2\u7d22\u8005\u8ba1\u5212 | \u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e82025\u5185\u5bb9\u56e2\u961f\u62db\u52df\uff08\u5168\u804c&\u517c\u804c\uff09<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

6. \u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u667a\uff0c\u73a9\u8f6c\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5171\u521b\u6591\u56fe\uff01\u96c6\u667a\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7ebf\u4e0b\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u62db\u52df<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


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\u70b9\u51fb\u201c\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u6587\u201d\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u8bfb\u4e66\u4f1a<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5bfc\u8bed \u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a\u4f55\u603b\u662f\u5411\u524d\u6d41\u52a8\uff1f\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5fae\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u5374\u5145\u6ee1\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\uff1f\u8fd9\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u9690\u85cf\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u71b5\u3002\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u957f\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u7d27\u5bc6\u5173\u8054\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u81ea1824\u5e74\u8428\u8fea\u00b7\u5361\u8bfa\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u71b5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u8bba\u3001\u751f\u6001\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u5316\u3002 \u5728\u4e24\u767e\u5e74…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":59681,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"special":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59697"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=59697"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59697\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/59681"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=59697"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=59697"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=59697"},{"taxonomy":"special","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/swarma.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fspecial&post=59697"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}