文摘|复杂性文摘翻译第2期(1)

第2期复杂性文摘翻译新鲜出炉啦！！！

为满足各位同学想要参与翻译的强烈愿望，第二期复杂性文摘翻译我们增加了摘要数量，一共选择了39篇文章摘要，出自复杂性文摘5月刊。历经两个星期，顺利完成了全部的翻译和审校工作。

特别感谢傅渥成老师、唐璐老师、张江老师为此次翻译做了细致的审校工作！

特别恭喜五位童鞋获得了“集智优秀译友”荣誉。他们分别是：

“基于热点定价策略来缓解城市拥堵问题（Decongestion of urban areas with hotspot-pricing）”

译者 HSAH_CHOI；

“从成功中理清表现（Untangling performance from success）”

译者 jeffersonchou；

“开放创新2.0的十二条准则（Twelve principles for open innovation 2.0）”

译者胡鹏博；

“一只同时生活在两个盒子中的薛定谔猫（A Schrödinger cat living in two boxes)”

译者王继康；

“贫穷与表观遗传变异及精神疾病的关系（Poverty linked to epigenetic changes and mental illness）”

译者李宇峰。

我们将会在未来两周，以每次发布5篇的节奏，陆续和大家共赏2016复杂性文摘5月刊的精彩文摘，敬请期待。

今天的分享如下。（其中，第4篇与第5篇是同一篇文摘的不同译文。）

1. 有益属性流行的动力学 (Dynamics of beneficial epidemics)

May 1, 12:50 AM From arxiv.org

by Andrew Berdahl, Christa Brelsford, Caterina De Bacco, Marion Dumas, Vanessa Ferdinand, Joshua A. Grochow, Laurent Hébert-Dufresne, Yoav Kallus, Christopher P. Kempes, Artemy Kolchinsky, Daniel B. Larremore, Eric Libby, Eleanor A. Power, Caitlin A. Stern, Brendan Tracey

(Translated by – xiaomuqiu)

Pathogens can spread epidemically through populations. Beneficial contagions, such as viruses that enhance host survival or technological innovations that improve quality of life, also have the potential to spread epidemically. How do the dynamics of beneficial biological and social epidemics differ from those of detrimental epidemics? We investigate this question using three theoretical approaches as well as an empirical analysis of concept propagation. First, in evolutionary models, we show that a beneficial horizontally-transmissible element, such as viral DNA, spreads super-exponentially through a population, substantially more quickly than a beneficial mutation. Second, in an epidemiological social network approach, we show that infections that cause increased connectivity lead to faster-than-exponential fixation in the population. Third, in a sociological model with strategic rewiring, we find that preferences for increased global infection accelerate spread and produce super-exponential fixation rates, while preferences for local assortativity halt epidemics by disconnecting the infected from the susceptible. Finally, in an investigation of the Google Ngram corpus, we find that new words and phrases spread super-exponentially, as anticipated by our models. We conclude that the dynamics of beneficial biological and social epidemics are characterized by the remarkably rapid spread of beneficial elements, which can be facilitated in biological systems by horizontal transmission and in social systems by active spreading strategies of infected individuals.

病原体可以在种群中流行性传播。有益属性的传播，例如可以增强宿主生存能力的病毒，或者可以提高生存质量的技术创新，也拥有流行性传播的潜质。那么，有益的生物或社会属性的流行与有害属性的流行，其动力学有什么不同呢?我们采用以下三个方法进行理论研究，并对概念传播进行实证分析。首先，我们在演化模型中发现，一个有益的水平传播元素（例如病毒DNA）在种群中呈指数级传播，实质上比一个有益突变的传播快得多。其次，在一个社交网络的流行过程研究中，我们发现那些能够引起连接度增加的感染会导致人群中的超指数速度的固化。第三，在一个依策略重链接（strategic rewiring）的社会学模型中，我们发现选择偏好于那些可以加速传播以及产生超指数固化率的全局感染，以及那些能够通过去链接将感染者与疑似病例隔开从而终止疾病传播的局域同配性（local assortativity）。最后，我们在对谷歌Ngram语料库的研究中发现新单词和短语会超指数传播，和我们模型的预期相符。因此，我们得出结论，即有益的生物属性和社会属性的流行动力学是由有益元素的快速传播导致的，这些元素可以通过生物系统中的横向传播，以及社会系统中被感染个体的活跃传播策略所实现。